Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Conditions
Brief summary
The objective of this study is to examine the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on the prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex.
Detailed description
The Comprehensive Control Task (CCT) was designed to examine hierarchical control in a single, well-controlled factorial task. On each trial, participants view a letter surrounded by a colored shape at a particular screen location. Color cues the relevant feature, letter or location, for a block of trials. The first trial of a block requires a decision of whether the stimulus is the first position of a circular sequence (sequence start). Subsequent trials require a decision of whether the viewed stimulus follows the previous stimulus in a circular sequence (sequence 1-back). The letter sequence (C-O-M-I-C) and spatial sequence (Top Left-Top Right-Bottom Left-Bottom Right-Top Left) are difficulty-matched. Shape cues the task to perform. Squares indicate the standard baseline task, and each block begins and ends with baseline trials. Different shapes indicate sub-tasks. In Switching blocks, shape-switches (e.g. from square to circle or circle to square) cue the sequence start task. Shape-repeats cue the sequence 1-back task. In Planning blocks, triangle shapes indicate that the stimulus can be ignored (automatic no response). All the while, the last square-shaped stimulus must be retained as a reference for the next square-shaped stimulus. Finally, in Dual blocks, diamond shapes indicate switching (sequence start) and also planning. The reversion back to square shapes requires sequence matching to the distal, previous square. The design is factorial with stimulus-domain x contextual control x temporal control orthogonally manipulated. Full details of the CCT have been previous described in Nee & D'Esposito, 2016; 2017. The focus in this study will be comparison of FPl-TMS, MFG-TMS, and S1-TMS in an interleaved fMRI-TMS-fMRI design. The logic is to test the apical status of the FPl/MFG through the extent to which TMS impacts other PFC areas and behavior. Each experiment will begin with 1 session of the CCT with fMRI to localize PFC targets. Each participant will then perform 3 counter-balanced sessions wherein a different site will be targeted by TMS followed immediately by fMRI on the CCT.
Interventions
DEVICEtranscranial magnetic stimulation
Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance.
Sponsors
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Florida State University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Between the ages of 18 and 30 * Right-handed * Native English speaker or fluent by the age of 6
Exclusion criteria
* History of psychiatric disorders * History of neurological disorders * Receiving medications for psychiatric or neurological disorders * Familial history of epilepsy * Taking any drugs or medications that are pro-epileptic * Metal anywhere in the head excluding the mouth * Tinnitus * Women who are pregnant
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS) | effective connectivity among areas of the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex in the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) \[note, this measure has no units, but effective connectivity is a rate measure, so is expressed in Hertz\] |
| PFC-PPC Activation | baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS) | blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal in areas of the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) \[note, this measure has no units\] |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS) | behavioral performance (error rate) of the interaction of temporal and contextual control in the comprehensive control task |
| Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS) | behavioral performance (reaction time in milliseconds) on conditions involving temporal control in the comprehensive control task |
| Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS) | behavioral performance (error rate) on conditions involving contextual control in the comprehensive control task |
| Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS) | behavioral performance (reaction time in milliseconds) on the interaction between temporal control and contextual control in the comprehensive control task |
| Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS) | behavioral performance (reaction time in milliseconds) on conditions involving contextual control in the comprehensive control task |
| Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS) | behavioral performance (error rate) on conditions involving temporal control in the comprehensive control task |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
After enrollment, participants complete 1) a baseline functional MRI scan to determine targets for transcranial magnetic stimulation, and 2) motor thresholding to determine intensity of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Participants are not assigned to arms if they cannot perform the task inside the MRI scanner (e.g. due to claustrophobia) or if they cannot tolerate transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| FPl-TMS Then MFG-TMS Then S1-TMS Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole first followed by middle frontal gyrus followed by primary somatosensory cortex. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 40 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance. | 6 |
| FPl-TMS Then S1-TMS Then MFG-TMS Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the lateral frontal pole first followed by primary somatosensory cortex followed by middle frontal gyrus. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 40 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance. | 6 |
| MFG-TMS Then FPl-TMS Then S1-TMS Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus first followed by lateral frontal pole followed by primary somatosensory cortex. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 40 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance. | 6 |
| MFG-TMS Then S1-TMS Then FPl-TMS Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the middle frontal gyrus first followed by primary somatosensory cortex followed by lateral frontal pole. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 40 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance. | 9 |
| S1-TMS Then FPl-TMS Then MFG-TMS Transcranial magnetic stimulation to primary somatosensory cortex first followed by lateral frontal pole followed by middle frontal gyrus. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 40 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance. | 7 |
| S1-TMS Then MFG-TMS Then FPl-TMS Transcranial magnetic stimulation to primary somatosensory cortex first followed by middle frontal gyrus followed by lateral frontal pole. Each visit consists of 600 pulses delivered in 50 Hz bursts every 5 Hz for 40 seconds at 80% of active motor threshold to one target.
transcranial magnetic stimulation: Transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the scalp targeting specific brain structures via stereotactic guidance. | 5 |
| Total | 39 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 | FG004 | FG005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Adverse Event | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Overall Study | New piercing could not be removed for scanning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | FPl-TMS Then S1-TMS Then MFG-TMS | MFG-TMS Then FPl-TMS Then S1-TMS | MFG-TMS Then S1-TMS Then FPl-TMS | S1-TMS Then FPl-TMS Then MFG-TMS | FPl-TMS Then MFG-TMS Then S1-TMS | S1-TMS Then MFG-TMS Then FPl-TMS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 39 Participants | 6 Participants | 6 Participants | 9 Participants | 7 Participants | 6 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 19.38 Years | 19 Years | 19.83 Years | 19 Years | 19.86 Years | 19 Years | 19.8 Years |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 10 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 29 Participants | 5 Participants | 5 Participants | 6 Participants | 5 Participants | 5 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 6 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 31 Participants | 5 Participants | 6 Participants | 8 Participants | 3 Participants | 4 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 39 participants | 6 participants | 6 participants | 9 participants | 7 participants | 6 participants | 5 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 27 Participants | 5 Participants | 5 Participants | 7 Participants | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 12 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 4 Participants | 3 Participants | 1 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 37 | 0 / 37 | 0 / 38 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 1 / 37 | 0 / 37 | 0 / 38 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 37 | 0 / 37 | 0 / 38 |
Outcome results
Primary
PFC-PPC Activation
blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal in areas of the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) \[note, this measure has no units\]
Time frame: baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)
Population: Participants were included in analysis if they (1) met an 85% overall accuracy on the behavioral task prior to the intervention, (2) completed all three study arms and (3) did not exceed a root mean squared framewise displacement of 0.25, a measure of movement during scans.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | -0.0498 No Unit | Standard Error 0.033 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Temporal Control BOLD Subsystem | 0.1519 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0425 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem | 0.3773 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0342 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0067 No Unit | Standard Error 0.027 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | -0.0783 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0352 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem | 0.3079 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0256 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem | -0.0717 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0366 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0194 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0386 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.028 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0405 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem | 0.2218 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0333 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem | -0.0086 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0323 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem | 0.1499 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0393 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem | 0.2713 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0379 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0797 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0364 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem | 0.2269 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0361 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD Change from Baseline | 0.0096 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0267 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem | 0.1719 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0382 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | -0.0228 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0347 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | -0.0336 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0344 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0564 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0348 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem | 0.15 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0396 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0187 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0333 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.06 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0303 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem | 0.038 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0327 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0777 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0348 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD | 0.1132 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0313 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.042 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0302 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | -0.0002 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0343 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0854 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0311 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem | 0.305 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0337 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.1307 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0321 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD | 0.1155 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0227 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0103 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0417 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | -0.0691 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0262 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | -0.0444 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0257 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem | 0.0621 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0334 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0261 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0369 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0224 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0388 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0253 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0446 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem | 0.1167 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0319 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem | 0.1542 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0387 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem | 0.331 No Unit | Standard Error 0.037 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Temporal Control BOLD Subsystem | 0.1619 No Unit | Standard Error 0.031 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem | -0.065 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0346 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem | 0.3133 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0315 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem | 0.1645 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0357 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem | 0.2402 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0376 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem | 0.1667 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0289 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD Change from Baseline | 0.0120 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0239 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | -0.0236 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0317 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0355 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0289 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem | 0.1143 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0322 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0517 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0306 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem | 0.0802 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0328 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem | 0.3008 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0298 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0096 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0398 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD | 0.0992 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0274 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Temporal Control BOLD Subsystem | 0.162 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0357 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem | 0.1253 No Unit | Standard Error 0.034 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem | 0.0998 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0291 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem | 0.2531 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0379 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem | -0.0186 No Unit | Standard Error 0.031 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem | 0.1535 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0329 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem | 0.349 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0352 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem | -0.0177 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0461 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem | 0.2455 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0365 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem | 0.2666 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0283 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD Change from Baseline | -0.0044 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0272 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | -0.0235 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0333 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | -0.0059 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0308 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Overall BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0275 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0314 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | -0.0521 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0391 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0489 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0398 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.05 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0388 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | -0.0511 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0274 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Contextual Control BOLD in Sensorimotor Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | -0.0569 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0265 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Temporal Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.0734 No Unit | Standard Error 0.041 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Activation | Temporal x Contextual Control BOLD in Contextual Control Subsystem Change from Baseline | 0.1034 No Unit | Standard Error 0.0315 |
p-value: 0.8152ANOVA
p-value: 0.0085ANOVA
p-value: 0.1551ANOVA
p-value: 0.6431ANOVA
p-value: 0.2447ANOVA
p-value: 0.0002ANOVA
p-value: 0.1339ANOVA
p-value: 0.1315ANOVA
p-value: 0.6836ANOVA
p-value: 0.2146ANOVA
p-value: 0.1541ANOVA
p-value: 0.6657ANOVA
p-value: 0.5619ANOVA
p-value: 0.5148ANOVA
p-value: 0.5428ANOVA
p-value: 0.1249ANOVA
Primary
PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity
effective connectivity among areas of the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex in the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) \[note, this measure has no units, but effective connectivity is a rate measure, so is expressed in Hertz\]
Time frame: baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)
Population: Participants were included in analysis if they (1) met an 85% overall accuracy on the behavioral task prior to the intervention, (2) completed all three study arms and (3) do not exceed a root mean squared framewise displacement of 0.25, a measure of movement during scans.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity to Temporal Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline | 0.0442 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0393 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity Overall Magnitude | 0.2283 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0212 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity to Contextual Control Areas Magnitude | 0.2772 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0278 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity Overall Magnitude Change from Baseline | 0.0167 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0279 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Temporal Control Areas Magnitude | 0.3363 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0446 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Sensorimotor Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline | -0.033 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0262 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Sensorimotor Control Areas Magnitude | 0.1213 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0195 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Contextual Areas Magnitude | 0.228 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0281 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Temporal Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline | 0.035 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0512 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity Overall Magnitude | 0.3646 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0235 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Contextual Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline | 0.0067 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0328 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity Overall Magnitude Change from Baseline | 0.0044 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0245 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity to Temporal Control Areas Magnitude | 0.4519 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0367 |
| FPl-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity to Contextual Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline | -0.011 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0299 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity Overall Magnitude | 0.3756 Hertz | Standard Error 0.026 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity Overall Magnitude Change from Baseline | 0.0277 Hertz | Standard Error 0.026 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity to Contextual Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline | -0.0029 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0341 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Contextual Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline | -0.0029 Hertz | Standard Error 0.039 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity to Temporal Control Areas Magnitude | 0.466 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0404 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity to Contextual Control Areas Magnitude | 0.2853 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0345 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity Overall Magnitude | 0.2352 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0232 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Temporal Control Areas Magnitude | 0.3883 Hertz | Standard Error 0.054 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Contextual Areas Magnitude | 0.2184 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0287 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Sensorimotor Control Areas Magnitude | 0.1325 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0266 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity to Temporal Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline | 0.0583 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0353 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity Overall Magnitude Change from Baseline | 0.0113 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0303 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Temporal Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline | 0.087 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0613 |
| MFG-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Sensorimotor Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline | -0.0218 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0362 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity to Contextual Control Areas Magnitude | 0.2846 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0295 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity Overall Magnitude Change from Baseline | -0.0054 Hertz | Standard Error 0.025 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity to Temporal Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline | -0.0073 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0418 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity to Contextual Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline | -0.0036 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0247 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity Overall Magnitude | 0.3425 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0237 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | MFG Efferent Connectivity to Temporal Control Areas Magnitude | 0.4004 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0341 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity Overall Magnitude Change from Baseline | 0.0433 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0272 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Contextual Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline | 0.0089 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0377 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Sensorimotor Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline | 0.0405 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0329 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Contextual Areas Magnitude | 0.2302 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0213 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Temporal Control Areas Magnitude | 0.4504 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0469 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Temporal Control Areas Magnitude Change from Baseline | 0.1491 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0439 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity to Sensorimotor Control Areas Magnitude | 0.1948 Hertz | Standard Error 0.034 |
| S1-TMS | PFC-PPC Effective Connectivity | FPl Efferent Connectivity Overall Magnitude | 0.2672 Hertz | Standard Error 0.0216 |
p-value: 0.5736ANOVA
p-value: 0.304ANOVA
p-value: 0.0545ANOVA
p-value: 0.1134ANOVA
p-value: 0.4326ANOVA
p-value: 0.2546ANOVA
p-value: 0.0645ANOVA
p-value: 0.2033ANOVA
Secondary
Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate)
behavioral performance (error rate) on conditions involving contextual control in the comprehensive control task
Time frame: baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)
Population: Participants were included in analysis if they (1) met an 85% overall accuracy on the behavioral task prior to the intervention, and (2) completed all three study arms.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FPl-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control trials error rate | 5.580 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 1.24 |
| FPl-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control subtask trial error rate | 1.990 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 0.36 |
| FPl-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control return trial error rate | 9.180 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 2.412 |
| FPl-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control error rate relative to baseline | 2.030 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 0.922 |
| FPl-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control subtask trial error rate relative to baseline | 0.270 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 0.41 |
| FPl-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control return trial error rate relative to baseline | 3.810 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 1.846 |
| MFG-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control return trial error rate relative to baseline | 5.570 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 2.089 |
| MFG-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control trials error rate | 6.950 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 1.2 |
| MFG-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control error rate relative to baseline | 3.400 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 1.1 |
| MFG-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control subtask trial error rate relative to baseline | 1.240 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 0.577 |
| MFG-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control subtask trial error rate | 2.960 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 0.58 |
| MFG-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control return trial error rate | 10.940 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 2.24 |
| S1-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control subtask trial error rate | 2.700 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 0.51 |
| S1-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control return trial error rate | 9.080 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 2.378 |
| S1-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control return trial error rate relative to baseline | 3.710 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 2.69 |
| S1-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control error rate relative to baseline | 2.340 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 1.365 |
| S1-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control trials error rate | 5.890 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 1.21 |
| S1-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low contextual control subtask trial error rate relative to baseline | 0.980 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 0.596 |
p-value: 0.0266ANOVA
p-value: 0.2386ANOVA
p-value: 0.4211ANOVA
p-value: 0.7503ANOVA
Secondary
Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time)
behavioral performance (reaction time in milliseconds) on conditions involving contextual control in the comprehensive control task
Time frame: baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)
Population: Participants were included in analysis if they (1) met an 85% overall accuracy on the behavioral task prior to the intervention, and (2) completed all three study arms.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FPl-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control subtask trial reaction time | 163.774 Milliseconds | Standard Error 16.5 |
| FPl-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control trial reaction time relative to baseline | -0.700 Milliseconds | Standard Error 17.5 |
| FPl-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control return trial reaction time | 231.652 Milliseconds | Standard Error 20.4 |
| FPl-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control trial reaction time | 197.700 Milliseconds | Standard Error 16.6 |
| FPl-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control return trial reaction time relative to baseline | 12.610 Milliseconds | Standard Error 26.5 |
| FPl-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control subtask trial reaction time relative to baseline | -13.982 Milliseconds | Standard Error 14.66 |
| MFG-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control return trial reaction time | 223.900 Milliseconds | Standard Error 19.3 |
| MFG-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control trial reaction time | 185.443 Milliseconds | Standard Error 14.3 |
| MFG-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control subtask trial reaction time | 146.982 Milliseconds | Standard Error 13.3 |
| MFG-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control trial reaction time relative to baseline | -12.957 Milliseconds | Standard Error 12.2 |
| MFG-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control subtask trial reaction time relative to baseline | -30.773 Milliseconds | Standard Error 11.757 |
| MFG-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control return trial reaction time relative to baseline | 4.858 Milliseconds | Standard Error 21.7 |
| S1-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control trial reaction time | 160.900 Milliseconds | Standard Error 10.6 |
| S1-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control return trial reaction time relative to baseline | -29.772 Milliseconds | Standard Error 23.5 |
| S1-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control subtask trial reaction time relative to baseline | -45.256 Milliseconds | Standard Error 12.36 |
| S1-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control subtask trial reaction time | 132.500 Milliseconds | Standard Error 9.877 |
| S1-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control return trial reaction time | 189.270 Milliseconds | Standard Error 18.278 |
| S1-TMS | Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low contextual control trial reaction time relative to baseline | -37.500 Milliseconds | Standard Error 13.4 |
p-value: 0.0344ANOVA
p-value: 0.5113ANOVA
p-value: 0.0301ANOVA
p-value: 0.6931ANOVA
Secondary
Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate)
behavioral performance (error rate) on conditions involving temporal control in the comprehensive control task
Time frame: baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)
Population: Participants were included in analysis if they (1) met an 85% overall accuracy on the behavioral task prior to the intervention, and (2) completed all three study arms.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control return trial error rate | 9.375 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 2.108 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control trials error rate | 4.541 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 1.043 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control subtask trial error rate | -0.293 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 0.49 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control trials error rate relative to baseline | 0.042 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 1.454 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control subtask trial error rate relative to baseline | 0.769 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 0.697 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control return trial accuracy relative to error rate | -0.684 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 3.075 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control return trial accuracy relative to error rate | -1.465 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 2.62 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control return trial error rate | 8.594 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 2.011 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control trials error rate relative to baseline | -0.673 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 1.45 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control subtask trial error rate relative to baseline | 0.119 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 0.898 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control trials error rate | 3.826 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 0.999 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control subtask trial error rate | -0.942 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 0.683 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control trials error rate | 4.329 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 1.121 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control subtask trial error rate | 0.358 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 0.34 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control return trial accuracy relative to error rate | -1.758 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 2.717 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control trials error rate relative to baseline | -0.169 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 1.415 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control return trial error rate | 8.301 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 2.221 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Error Rate) | Difference between high and low temporal control subtask trial error rate relative to baseline | 1.420 Error Rate (%) | Standard Error 0.512 |
p-value: 0.9504ANOVA
p-value: 0.7318ANOVA
p-value: 0.8424ANOVA
p-value: 0.7652ANOVA
Secondary
Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time)
behavioral performance (reaction time in milliseconds) on conditions involving temporal control in the comprehensive control task
Time frame: baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)
Population: Participants were included in analysis if they (1) met an 85% overall accuracy on the behavioral task prior to the intervention, and (2) completed all three study arms.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control return trial reaction time relative to baseline | 32.010 Milliseconds | Standard Error 20.9 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control trial reaction time | 15.700 Milliseconds | Standard Error 10.162 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control return trial reaction time | 49.577 Milliseconds | Standard Error 18.654 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control trial reaction time relative to baseline | 37.631 Milliseconds | Standard Error 12.288 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control subtask trial reaction time | -18.172 Milliseconds | Standard Error 7.985 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control subtask trial reaction time relative to baseline | 43.256 Milliseconds | Standard Error 9.6 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control trial reaction time | 11.987 Milliseconds | Standard Error 10.2 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control subtask trial reaction time relative to baseline | 44.888 Milliseconds | Standard Error 13.39 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control return trial reaction time relative to baseline | 22.947 Milliseconds | Standard Error 26.98 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control subtask trial reaction time | -16.540 Milliseconds | Standard Error 7.435 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control return trial reaction time | 40.514 Milliseconds | Standard Error 16.972 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control trial reaction time relative to baseline | 33.917 Milliseconds | Standard Error 14.75 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control return trial reaction time relative to baseline | 1.294 Milliseconds | Standard Error 21.6 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control trial reaction time | -2.244 Milliseconds | Standard Error 10.872 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control subtask trial reaction time | -23.348 Milliseconds | Standard Error 9.823 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control trial reaction time relative to baseline | 19.687 Milliseconds | Standard Error 13.65 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control subtask trial reaction time relative to baseline | 38.080 Milliseconds | Standard Error 14.47 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Difference between high and low temporal control return trial reaction time | 18.861 Milliseconds | Standard Error 17.568 |
p-value: 0.0211ANOVA
p-value: 0.4964ANOVA
p-value: 0.3129ANOVA
p-value: 0.5439ANOVA
Secondary
Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time)
behavioral performance (reaction time in milliseconds) on the interaction between temporal control and contextual control in the comprehensive control task
Time frame: baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)
Population: Participants were included in analysis if they (1) met an 85% overall accuracy on the behavioral task prior to the intervention, and (2) completed all three study arms.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control trials on reaction time | 55.600 Milliseconds | Standard Error 8.5 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control subtask trials on reaction time | 141.900 Milliseconds | Standard Error 12.7 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control return trials on reaction time | -30.697 Milliseconds | Standard Error 12.1 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control trials on reaction time vs baseline | 32.200 Milliseconds | Standard Error 11.8 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control subtask trials on RT vs baseline | 14.614 Milliseconds | Standard Error 12.16 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control return trials on RT vs baseline | 49.703 Milliseconds | Standard Error 22.55 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control return trials on RT vs baseline | 55.497 Milliseconds | Standard Error 24.4 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control trials on reaction time | 53.162 Milliseconds | Standard Error 10.8 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control trials on reaction time vs baseline | 29.762 Milliseconds | Standard Error 13.16 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control subtask trials on RT vs baseline | 3.941 Milliseconds | Standard Error 15.18 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control subtask trials on reaction time | 131.227 Milliseconds | Standard Error 16.3 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control return trials on reaction time | -24.903 Milliseconds | Standard Error 15.7 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control subtask trials on reaction time | 125.100 Milliseconds | Standard Error 10.1 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control return trials on reaction time | -18.547 Milliseconds | Standard Error 14.8 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control return trials on RT vs baseline | 61.853 Milliseconds | Standard Error 21.6 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control trials on reaction time vs baseline | 29.880 Milliseconds | Standard Error 10.399 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control trials on reaction time | 53.280 Milliseconds | Standard Error 9.2 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal Control x Contextual Control Performance (Reaction Time) | Interaction contrast of temporal control x contextual control subtask trials on RT vs baseline | -2.186 Milliseconds | Standard Error 12.8 |
p-value: 0.0189ANOVA
p-value: 0.0763ANOVA
p-value: 0.9701ANOVA
p-value: 0.3826ANOVA
Secondary
Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate)
behavioral performance (error rate) of the interaction of temporal and contextual control in the comprehensive control task
Time frame: baseline, pre-intervention and immediately after intervention (5 minutes to 1 hour post-TMS)
Population: Participants were included in analysis if they (1) met an 85% overall accuracy on the behavioral task prior to the intervention, and (2) completed all three study arms.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FPl-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate | -1.810 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 1.098 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate in sub-task trials | 1.270 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 0.453 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate in return trials | -4.880 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 2.319 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate relative to baseline | 2.210 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 1.052 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate in sub-task trials vs baseline | 0.030 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 0.649 |
| FPl-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate in return trials vs baseline | 4.400 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 2.043 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate in return trials vs baseline | 8.303 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 2.608 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate | 0.082 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 1.151 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate relative to baseline | 4.102 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 1.43 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate in sub-task trials vs baseline | -0.099 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 0.708 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate in sub-task trials | 1.141 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 0.594 |
| MFG-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate in return trials | -0.977 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 2.199 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate in sub-task trials | 1.400 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 0.4 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate in return trials | -5.762 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 2.127 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate in return trials vs baseline | 3.518 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 2.057 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate relative to baseline | 1.839 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 1.093 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate | -2.181 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 1.095 |
| S1-TMS | Temporal x Contextual Control Performance (Error Rate) | Interaction contrast of temporal and contextual control on error rate in sub-task trials vs baseline | 0.160 Error rate (%) | Standard Error 0.488 |
p-value: 0.0091ANOVA
p-value: 0.0045ANOVA
p-value: 0.1082ANOVA
p-value: 0.0659ANOVA