HIV-1-infection, Hypertension,Essential
Conditions
Keywords
Inflammation, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Salt, Interleukin 6, Interleukin 17A, Hypertension
Brief summary
High dietary salt is associated with immune activation, elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and hypertension in murine models. Hypertension is independently associated with inflammation in both murine studies and studies in humans. In people living with HIV, these interactions are not well established. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of excess dietary salt on immune cell activation, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and blood pressure between individuals with and without hypertension among people living with HIV and HIV negative persons.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTDietary salt (Sodium chloride)
Dietary salt used was sodium chloride tablets (from the research consolidated midland corporation division, New York, USA) which participants crashed and put in their food and/or ingested. Each tablet weighed one (1) gram and contained 394 mg of sodium and 606 mg of chloride.
Sponsors
University of Zambia
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Mulungushi University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
DIAGNOSTIC
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Participants are instructed on salt deprivation for a week followed by a low salt (4 grams) diet for one week and switched to high salt (9 grams) for the following one week
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Adults (aged 18 and above) who will be required to verbally consent and sign a consent form * HIV positive or HIV Normotensive individuals or hypertensive If HIV, on antiretroviral therapy ART treated hypertensive individuals
Exclusion criteria
* Existence of comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and cancer Existing and recent past opportunistic infections, syphilis, hepatitis C and B virus infection and tuberculosis infection; * Sick persons (clients seeking healthcare due to an illness rather than routine ART clinic reviews) * Those with recent and current alcohol consumption and smoking status
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pro-inflammatory cytokines | 2 weeks: At the end of the low- and high-salt phases | Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines when compared between low and high salt phase |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Blood pressure | 2 weeks: At the end of the low- and high-salt phases | Elevated blood pressure |
Countries
Zambia
Outcome results
None listed