Randomized Controlled Trial
Conditions
Keywords
Rumination-Focused Cognitive Behaviour Therapy(RFCBT), depressive symptom, Schizophrenia
Brief summary
This study will explore the effect of Rumination-Focused Cognitive Behaviour Therapy on depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia for three months. A randomized controlled trial is conducted in a psychiatric center in northern Taiwan. All participants are randomized to two groups using blocked randomization. The experimental groups are provided with a 6- session RFCBT program for 12 weeks (60-90 mins, once every two weeks), while the control groups receive a 6- session Health Education program for 12 weeks (60-90 mins, once every two weeks). All participants who suffered from depressive symptoms at both baseline and 3-month follow-up will be evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory(BDI-II), Chinese Response Style Questionnaire-short form revised(CRSQ-10), Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) Scale, and Herth Hope Index Chinese Version(HHI).
Detailed description
Background: Depressive symptoms are one of the core symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, but the effect of depressive symptoms on patients is easily overlooked. Severe depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia are not only affecting the quality of life but also the risk factors of suicide. Aim: The investigators hypothesize that Rumination-Focused Cognitive Behaviour Therapy(RFCBT) could have significant effect of depressive symptoms. Therefore, in this study, the investigators will explore the effect of Rumination-Focused Cognitive Behaviour Therapy(RFCBT) on depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: The study is conducted as a two-arm, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial in a psychiatric center in northern Taiwan. Participants are randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to two groups using blocked randomization. The experimental groups are provided with a 6- session RFCBT program for 12 weeks (60-90 mins, once every two weeks), while the control groups receive a 6- session Health Education program for 12 weeks (60-90 mins, once every two weeks) . Participants and demographic data: Participants who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV criteria took part in the study after informed consent is obtained. All participants are 20 years of age or older and are receiving a stable dosage of antipsychotics, and have no history of cognitive impairment. The participants are able to express themselves and to individually complete the Beck Depression Inventory(BDI-II), Chinese Response Style Questionnaire-short form revised(CRSQ-10), Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) Scale, and Herth Hope Index Chinese Version(HHI). Measures: The demographic characteristics include five continuous variables (age, age at onset, duration of disease, years of education, chlorpromazine equivalent dose (Andreasen, Pressler, Nopoulos, Miller, & Ho, 2010) and four categorical variables (sex, marital status, work status, antidepressants). Procedure and Data collection: All procedures are approved by both national Ying Ming university(IRB YM108038F) and the psychiatric center (IRB 1080009-01). Following informed consent, each participant will fill out a demographic questionnaire and complete the BDI-II, CRHQ-10, ISMIS, and HHI once at baseline and twice an interval of three months. A well-trained and licensed psychiatric nurse will perform the data collection and assists the participants if there were difficulties reading or understanding the questionnaires. Statistical analysis: This study will employ Predictive Analytics Suite Workstation (IBM SPSS 24.0) to analyze the collected data. The data analyses will include demographic variables and the scores of BDI-II, CRHQ-10, ISMIS, and HHI at the interval of three months of all of the participants.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALRumination-Focused Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Rumination-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy(RFCBT) is based on a differentiation between functional and dysfunctional styles of perseverative thinking with the helpful style characterized as a concrete, process-focused and specific style of thinking and the idea that rumination is a habit maintained by negative reinforcement. In line with the theoretical assumptions, RFCBT combines strategies from behavioral activation with strategies to foster concrete, process-focused and specific thinking.
Health education programme would be any planned activity or set of activities aimed at increasing health literacy and developing life skills conducing to health (e.g. decision making, problem solving, critical thinking, interpersonal skills, stress management, coping with emotions).
Sponsors
Bali Psychiatric Center
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Masking description
The data of PANSS were collected by a research assistant.
Intervention model description
The participants were divided into experimental and control groups through block randomization
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
20 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* The participants are diagnosed with schizophrenia by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Five Edition (DSM-V), an age of between 20 and 65 years, hospitalization in a rehabilitation unit, and a stable condition at the time of data collection. * The participants are able to provide written informed consent and comprehend the instruments. * The participants consent to receive a 6- session RFCBT program or a 6- session Health Education program and complete a package of questionnaires. * The participants are satisfied the screening criteria including the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for positive syndromes \< 5, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) ≥ 24, and the Brief Symptom Rating Scale (BSRS-5) ≥ 6.
Exclusion criteria
* The participants who have intellectual disturbances (organic mental disorders) or substance abuse issues through a chart review. * The participants who are not willing to sign the consent.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) | For two study groups, the measure time points are at baseline(T0), after intervention (T1) and three-month follow-up (T2). | The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is a 21-item self-report depression screening measure. Each item is rated on a four-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0 to 3, which with possible scores ranging from 0 to 63. The BDI-II has been translated into a Chinese version. Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms, and a score of \>16 points is considered suggestive of the presence of clinically significant depressive symptom intensity. In this study, the investigators will explore the change of BDI-II score among baseline, after intervention and three-month follow-up. |
| Chinese Response Style Questionnaire-short Form Revised (CRSQ-10) | For two study groups, the measure time points are at baseline(T0), after intervention (T1) and three-month follow-up (T2). | The Chinese Response Style Questionnaire-short form revised (CRSQ-10) is a self-report measure of rumination, comprising ten items and describing the factors of brooding and reflection. Each item is rated on a four-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree), which with possible scores ranging from 10 to 40. The CRSQ-10 has been used to evaluate the intensity of ruminative responses to depressed mood. In this study, the investigators will explore the change of CRSQ-10 score among baseline, after intervention and three-month follow-up. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) Scale | For two study groups, the measure time points are at baseline(T0), after intervention (T1) and three-month follow-up (T2). | The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) Scale is a 29-item self-report questionnaire measuring self-stigma among persons with psychiatric disorders. Each item is rated on a four-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree), which with possible scores ranging from 29 to 116. The ISMI Scale has been translated into a Chinese version. Higher scores indicating greater self-stigma. In this study, the investigators will explore the change of ISMI Scale score among baseline, after intervention and three-month follow-up. |
| Herth Hope Index Chinese Version(HHI) | For two study groups, the measure time points are at baseline(T0), after intervention (T1) and three-month follow-up (T2). | The Herth Hope Index (HHI) comprises 12-item self-report measure of hopefulness. Each item is rated on a four-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree), which with possible scores ranging from 12 to 48. The HHI has been translated into a Chinese version. Higher scores indicating greater hopefulness. In this study, the investigators will explore the change of HHI score among baseline, after intervention and three-month follow-up. |
Countries
Taiwan
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Experimental Group The experimental group would be provided with a 6- session RFCBT program for 12 weeks (60-90 mins, once every two weeks).
Rumination-Focused Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: Rumination-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy(RFCBT) is based on a differentiation between functional and dysfunctional styles of perseverative thinking with the helpful style characterized as a concrete, process-focused and specific style of thinking and the idea that rumination is a habit maintained by negative reinforcement. In line with the theoretical assumptions, RFCBT combines strategies from behavioral activation with strategies to foster concrete, process-focused and specific thinking. | 44 |
| Control Group The control group would receive a 6- session Health Education program for 12 weeks (60-90 mins, once every two weeks)
Health Education programme: Health education programme would be any planned activity or set of activities aimed at increasing health literacy and developing life skills conducing to health (e.g. decision making, problem solving, critical thinking, interpersonal skills, stress management, coping with emotions). | 41 |
| Total | 85 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | Experimental Group | Control Group |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 51.21 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.93 | 51.18 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.88 | 51.24 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.09 |
| Antidepressant users No | 73 Participants | 39 Participants | 34 Participants |
| Antidepressant users Yes | 12 Participants | 5 Participants | 7 Participants |
| CPZ equivalent doses | 488.11 mg STANDARD_DEVIATION 272.26 | 503.77 mg STANDARD_DEVIATION 260.58 | 471.29 mg STANDARD_DEVIATION 286.56 |
| Duration of disease | 27.93 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.58 | 29.05 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.43 | 26.73 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.68 |
| Marital status Married | 14 Participants | 8 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Marital status Single | 71 Participants | 36 Participants | 35 Participants |
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | 0 Participants | — | — |
| Religious preference Buddha/Christian/other | 72 Participants | 39 Participants | 33 Participants |
| Religious preference None | 13 Participants | 5 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 43 Participants | 21 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 42 Participants | 23 Participants | 19 Participants |
| Work status Employed | 26 Participants | 11 Participants | 15 Participants |
| Work status Not employed | 59 Participants | 33 Participants | 26 Participants |
| Year of Education | 11.54 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.89 | 11.68 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.88 | 11.39 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.91 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 44 | 0 / 41 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 44 | 0 / 41 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 44 | 0 / 41 |
Outcome results
Primary
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II)
The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is a 21-item self-report depression screening measure. Each item is rated on a four-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0 to 3, which with possible scores ranging from 0 to 63. The BDI-II has been translated into a Chinese version. Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms, and a score of \>16 points is considered suggestive of the presence of clinically significant depressive symptom intensity. In this study, the investigators will explore the change of BDI-II score among baseline, after intervention and three-month follow-up.
Time frame: For two study groups, the measure time points are at baseline(T0), after intervention (T1) and three-month follow-up (T2).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group | Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) | T0 | 16.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.32 |
| Experimental Group | Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) | T1 | 16.60 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.8 |
| Experimental Group | Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) | T2 | 15.56 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.26 |
| Control Group | Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) | T0 | 16.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.63 |
| Control Group | Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) | T1 | 18.70 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.88 |
| Control Group | Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) | T2 | 23.03 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.81 |
Primary
Chinese Response Style Questionnaire-short Form Revised (CRSQ-10)
The Chinese Response Style Questionnaire-short form revised (CRSQ-10) is a self-report measure of rumination, comprising ten items and describing the factors of brooding and reflection. Each item is rated on a four-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree), which with possible scores ranging from 10 to 40. The CRSQ-10 has been used to evaluate the intensity of ruminative responses to depressed mood. In this study, the investigators will explore the change of CRSQ-10 score among baseline, after intervention and three-month follow-up.
Time frame: For two study groups, the measure time points are at baseline(T0), after intervention (T1) and three-month follow-up (T2).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group | Chinese Response Style Questionnaire-short Form Revised (CRSQ-10) | T0 | 26.25 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.75 |
| Experimental Group | Chinese Response Style Questionnaire-short Form Revised (CRSQ-10) | T1 | 26.46 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.77 |
| Experimental Group | Chinese Response Style Questionnaire-short Form Revised (CRSQ-10) | T2 | 27.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.64 |
| Control Group | Chinese Response Style Questionnaire-short Form Revised (CRSQ-10) | T0 | 26.51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.62 |
| Control Group | Chinese Response Style Questionnaire-short Form Revised (CRSQ-10) | T1 | 26.68 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.44 |
| Control Group | Chinese Response Style Questionnaire-short Form Revised (CRSQ-10) | T2 | 25.33 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.01 |
Secondary
Herth Hope Index Chinese Version(HHI)
The Herth Hope Index (HHI) comprises 12-item self-report measure of hopefulness. Each item is rated on a four-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree), which with possible scores ranging from 12 to 48. The HHI has been translated into a Chinese version. Higher scores indicating greater hopefulness. In this study, the investigators will explore the change of HHI score among baseline, after intervention and three-month follow-up.
Time frame: For two study groups, the measure time points are at baseline(T0), after intervention (T1) and three-month follow-up (T2).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group | Herth Hope Index Chinese Version(HHI) | T0 | 33.86 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.23 |
| Experimental Group | Herth Hope Index Chinese Version(HHI) | T1 | 35.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.35 |
| Experimental Group | Herth Hope Index Chinese Version(HHI) | T2 | 34.71 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.62 |
| Control Group | Herth Hope Index Chinese Version(HHI) | T0 | 33.54 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.35 |
| Control Group | Herth Hope Index Chinese Version(HHI) | T1 | 32.62 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.09 |
| Control Group | Herth Hope Index Chinese Version(HHI) | T2 | 32.17 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.81 |
Secondary
The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) Scale
The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) Scale is a 29-item self-report questionnaire measuring self-stigma among persons with psychiatric disorders. Each item is rated on a four-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree), which with possible scores ranging from 29 to 116. The ISMI Scale has been translated into a Chinese version. Higher scores indicating greater self-stigma. In this study, the investigators will explore the change of ISMI Scale score among baseline, after intervention and three-month follow-up.
Time frame: For two study groups, the measure time points are at baseline(T0), after intervention (T1) and three-month follow-up (T2).
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group | The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) Scale | T0 | 71.86 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.33 |
| Experimental Group | The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) Scale | T1 | 71.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.43 |
| Experimental Group | The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) Scale | T2 | 69.12 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.83 |
| Control Group | The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) Scale | T2 | 70.44 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.08 |
| Control Group | The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) Scale | T0 | 68.63 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.53 |
| Control Group | The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) Scale | T1 | 70.35 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.29 |