Apnea, Breathholding, Breathing Exercises, Exercise Training
Conditions
Brief summary
The aim of this randomized controlled trial study was to assess the effects of an 4-week exercise program on the recovery capacity after a voluntary maximal apnea. Participants will be randomly allocated to perform an experimental breathing protocol (NR-HB), or an usual training using their usual breathing (UB) protocol.
Detailed description
It is a multi-center study. 2 different Spanish Freedivers Centres are included in the study (Madrid and Zaragoza). Divers were randomly assigned to receive an experimental training (NR-HB) or to be included in the Control Group (UB). The trial included two study visits. Each exercise training program will be applied sessions per week during 4 weeks. Participants received baseline assessments at the beginning of any intervention, and post-intervention assessments at the end of the fourth week.
Interventions
OTHERhook breathing removing nose-clip
Participants will perform 3 days per week of usual training, involving intense exercise 8 submaximes-dynamic apnoeas with 3-minute recovery between each one per session, and continuous training of free style swimming at moderate effort over 30 minutes, including warm-up, recovery between intervals and cool down. The experimental breathing protocol consisted on to remove nose-clip previous to surface and then perform hook breathing during 20 seconds.
OTHERusual breathing (UB)
Participants will perform 3 days per week of usual training, involving intense exercise 8 submaximes-dynamic apnoeas with 3-minute recovery between each one per session, and continuous training of free style swimming at moderate effort over 30 minutes, including warm-up, recovery between intervals and cool down.
Sponsors
Centro Universitario La Salle
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
single-blind
Intervention model description
parallel-group
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Absence of pain or illness * No changes in cognitive ability * Over 18 years old. * Member of the Spanish Federation of Underwater Activities. * Positive medical examination that allows the diver to practice voluntary apnea.
Exclusion criteria
* People with systemic diseases, tumors, infections, pacemakers, history of epilepsy, hydrophobia, pregnancy women, pharmacological treatment. * To be participating in other physical activities during the experimental research
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Oxygen Saturation change | Before and after training intervention (after 4 weeks) | Oxygen Saturation recovery will be record by the experimenters every 5 seconds by a handheld pulse-oximeter during the 1 min recovery time after a maximal dynamic apnea. The outcome was the length of the time to return to 95% SpO2 during the 1 min recovery time after maximal dynamic apnoea |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Heart Rate recovery | before and after training intervention (after 4 weeks) | Heart Rate will be record by the experimenters every 5 seconds by a handheld pulse-oximeter during the 1 min recovery time after a maximal dynamic apnea. The outcome was the length of the time to stabilize heart rate during these 1 minute. |
| Lung function (forced spirometry) | before and after training intervention (after 4 weeks) | The Spirometry will be perform according to American Thoracic Society criteria and was measured in litres. The maneuver will be perform 3 times and recording the best one. |
Countries
Spain
Contacts
Primary ContactFrancisco de Asís Fernández, PhD
Outcome results
None listed