Dose-response of Physical Exercise on Pelvic Floor Muscle Function in Postmenopausal Women With Urinary Incontinence

Dose-response of Physical Exercise on Pelvic Floor Muscle Function in Postmenopausal Women With Urinary Incontinence: a Randomized Controlled Trial

Status

Completed

Phases

Study type

Interventional

Source

ClinicalTrials.gov

Registry ID

NCT04351750

Enrollment

Registered

2020-04-17

Start date

2020-03-01

Completion date

2021-05-24

Last updated

2023-03-31

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

Urinary Incontinence, Pelvic Floor Muscle Weakness

Brief summary

Urinary incontinence (UI) symptoms are highly prevalent among women, and menopause is one of the risk factors for UI. During the menopausal transition, not only the hormonal secretion is changed but also the level of physical activity is affected. The time spent on physical activity is reduced in postmenopausal women. Studies have shown that physical activity acts in a bidirectional manner, exerting either a preventive or an aggravating effect on urinary incontinence. Individuals with sedentary lifestyle and insufficient physical activity (\< 150 min/week) are at risk of developing UI, and regular physical activity exerts a protective effect in preventing UI, but the optimal type, duration, and intensity of exercise for the female older adult population remain unknown. In addition, objective measurements of pelvic floor muscle function is needed as the use of self-reported measures may cause response bias. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of different intensity of exercise on pelvic floor muscle function and HRQoL in postmenopausal women with UI. The investigators hypothesize that (a) both high- and low-intensity physical activities can improve pelvic floor muscle strength and HRQoL in postmenopausal women with UI, and (b) the improvement in high-intensity group is higher than that in low-intensity group. A randomized trial will be conducted to compare the effect of different exercise intensity on pelvic floor muscle function in postmenopausal women with urinary incontinence (n=90).

Detailed description

In Taiwan, the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) in postmenopausal women was 29.8%. Previous studies have indicated that menopause may be associated with developing UI. As there are many estrogen receptors in pelvic floor, the estrogen decline after menopausal transition may lead to pelvic floor muscle dysfunction, and the subsequent development of UI. Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) has been recommended by the International Continence Society as the first-line conservative treatment for women with UI. In addition to the prevalent incontinence associated with postmenopausal status, many women tend to have a more sedentary lifestyle after menopausal transition. Previous studies have shown that a sedentary lifestyle is related to UI in older women and indicated the importance of physical activity on preventing incontinence. Regular physical exercise including aerobic exercise and resistance training has been proved to improve bone mineral density, stress management and autonomic functions in postmenopausal women. However, the effect of different intensity of physical exercise adding to PFMT on pelvic floor muscle function in postmenopausal women with UI remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different intensity of exercise on pelvic floor muscle function and health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women with UI. This is a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Postmenopausal women with UI and a sedentary lifestyle will be recruited. Eligible participants will be randomly allocated to the high-intensity group to receive high intensity general exercise plus PFMT program, the low-intensity group to receive low intensity general exercise plus PFMT, or the control group to receive only PFMT. The intervention will be provided twice weekly for eight weeks. The assessments will be conducted at baseline and after 8-week intervention. The primary outcome is pelvic floor muscle function measured by manometry and through digital palpation. The secondary outcomes are symptom severity measured using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire -Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF), health-related quality of life measured using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Quality of Life Module (ICIQ-LUTSqol), and physical activity levels measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). In addition, the participants will be asked to complete a 3-day bladder diary. Data analysis will be performed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 22.0. For continuous data, analysis of covariance tests will be used for within-group and between-group comparisons, respectively. For categorical data, McNemar's tests and chi-square tests will be used for within-group and between-group comparisons. The significant level is set at p-value \< 0.05.

Interventions

OTHERgeneral exercise

The participants will receive training sessions twice a week for 8 weeks. General exercise includes aerobic exercise (stationary bike) and resistance training (thera-band, sandbags, dumbbell and swiss ball), and the intensity and progression of both aerobic and resistance exercises will be provided as recommended by the ACSM, and the exercise will individualized based on participant's HRR, 1 RM weight and Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion Scale (Borg RPE scale). An oximeter will be utilized to monitor the heart rate and SPO2 of the participants to ensure safety during the training session.

OTHERpelvic floor muscle training

Participants will do pelvic floor muscle training in different positions. Each session includes three sets of eight to twelve maximum voluntary contractions of pelvic floor muscle, with holding the contraction for 6 to 8 seconds, and if possible, to do three fast contractions at the end of each set.

Study design

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Intervention model

PARALLEL

Primary purpose

TREATMENT

Masking

NONE

Eligibility

Sex/Gender

FEMALE

Age

No minimum to 80 Years

Healthy volunteers

Inclusion criteria

* Postmenopausal women: amenorrhoea for longer than 12 months. * Symptomatic UI: The questionnaire for urinary incontinence diagnosis (QUID) score \>0 * Sedentary lifestyle: \< 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week, or \< 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week, or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous-intensity activity * Able to answer the questionnaire correctly (no language barrier or cognitive problems) * No other physical or psychological problem that would interfere participation in the study * No concurrent outpatient rehab attendance / supervised exercise

Exclusion criteria

* Use hormone therapy * Age \>80 y/o * Neurological condition: Spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, cerebrovascular accident * Radical surgery for pelvis, sling, and prolapse surgery * Malignancy for bladder, urethra, uterus, ovary, cervix, and rectum * Overflow incontinence or voiding dysfunction

Design outcomes

Primary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Pelvic Floor Muscle Function Measured by Digital Palpation	absolute values at 8 weeks	Pelvic floor muscle function (muscle strength) was measured through digital palpation. Three times of maximum contraction holding for five seconds with an interval resting of five seconds were performed, and the maximum value among three was recorded as the muscle strength of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The result was recorded using the modified Oxford grading scale, a six-point system with higher score indicated stronger muscle strength (0 = no contraction, 1 = flicker, 2 = weak, 3 = moderate with lift, 4 = good with lift, 5 = strong with lift).
Pelvic Floor Muscle Function Measured by Manometry	absolute values at 8 weeks	The manometry supplied by Laborie® Biofeedback and Stimulation System was used to assess vaginal squeeze pressure, and the unit of pressure was registered in millimeter of mercury (mmHg). The participants were asked to perform 3 times of MVC, holding for 5 seconds with 5 seconds interval resting time, and the maximum value among the three MVC was recorded. The muscle strength was calculated as the value of MVC minus resting tone.

Secondary

Measure	Time frame	Description
International Prostate Symptom Score	absolute values at 8 weeks	The International Prostate Symptom Score will be used to evaluate the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms. The total score ranges from 0 to 35. A higher score indicates greater severity.
International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form	absolute values at 8 weeks	The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form will be used to assess the severity of UI symptoms. The total score ranges from 0 to 21; a higher score indicates greater severity.
International Physical Activity Questionnaire	absolute values at 8 weeks	The International Physical Activity Questionnaire will be used to measure participants' physical activity levels. The questionnaire assessed the time people spending in physical activity in the last seven days, and the intensity of physical activity level was divided into vigorous, moderate, and walking. The total physical activity levels were calculated by a formula: total MET-minutes/week (Metabolic equivalent of task- minutes per week) = Vigorous intensity (8.0 METs\min\day) + Moderate intensity (4.0 METs\min\days) + Walking (3.3 METs\min\days). A higher score indicates a greater physical activity levels.
3-day Bladder Diary	absolute values at 8 weeks	The participants had to record the frequency of daytime urination for three days but not necessarily consecutive. Daytime frequency was defined as the number of voids since first void after waking to last void before sleep.
International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Quality of Life	absolute values at 8 weeks	The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Quality of Life will be used to evaluate quality of life in UI patients. The total score ranges from 19 to 76. A higher score indicates greater impact on quality of life.

Countries

Taiwan

Participant flow

Participants by arm

Arm	Count
High-intensity Group The participants will receive high-intensity general exercise and pelvic floor muscle training in high-intensity group. The intensity of aerobic exercise is 60 \ 89% of heart rate reserve (HRR), which is equivalent to the vigorous intensity exercise proposed in the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). The intensity of resistance exercise is 60\ 80% of 1 repetition maximum (RM), which is equivalent to the moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise proposed in ACSM. After finishing the general exercise, participants will receive pelvic floor muscle training. general exercise: The participants will receive training sessions twice a week for 8 weeks. General exercise includes aerobic exercise (stationary bike) and resistance training (thera-band, sandbags, dumbbell and swiss ball), and the intensity and progression of both aerobic and resistance exercises will be provided as recommended by the ACSM, and the exercise will individualized based on participant's HRR, 1 RM weight and Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion Scale. An oximeter will be utilized to monitor the heart rate and SPO2 of the participants to ensure safety during the training session. pelvic floor muscle training: Participants will do pelvic floor muscle training in different positions. Each session includes three sets of eight to twelve maximum voluntary contractions of pelvic floor muscle, with holding the contraction for 6 to 8 seconds, and if possible, to do three fast contractions at the end of each set.	12
Low-intensity Group The participants will receive low-intensity general exercise and pelvic floor muscle training in low-intensity group. The intensity of aerobic exercise is 40\ 59% of HRR, which is equivalent to the moderate intensity exercise proposed in ACSM. The intensity of resistance exercise is 40\ 50% of 1RM, which is equivalent to the very light-to-light intensity exercise proposed in ACSM. After finishing the general exercise, participants will receive pelvic floor muscle training. general exercise: The participants will receive training sessions twice a week for 8 weeks. General exercise includes aerobic exercise (stationary bike) and resistance training (thera-band, sandbags, dumbbell and swiss ball), and the intensity and progression of both aerobic and resistance exercises will be provided as recommended by the ACSM, and the exercise will individualized based on participant's HRR, 1 RM weight and Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion Scale. An oximeter will be utilized to monitor the heart rate and SPO2 of the participants to ensure safety during the training session. pelvic floor muscle training: Participants will do pelvic floor muscle training in different positions. Each session includes three sets of eight to twelve maximum voluntary contractions of pelvic floor muscle, with holding the contraction for 6 to 8 seconds, and if possible, to do three fast contractions at the end of each set.	13
Control Group The participants will only receive pelvic floor muscle training in control group. pelvic floor muscle training: Participants will do pelvic floor muscle training in different positions. Each session includes three sets of eight to twelve maximum voluntary contractions of pelvic floor muscle, with holding the contraction for 6 to 8 seconds, and if possible, to do three fast contractions at the end of each set.	13
Total	38

Baseline characteristics

Characteristic	High-intensity Group	Low-intensity Group	Control Group	Total
Age, Continuous	66.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.1	65.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.63	62.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.8	64.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8
Body Mass Index	24.06 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.52	25.44 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.64	24.95 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.92	24.75 kg/m^2 STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.92
Race and Ethnicity Not Collected	—	—	—	0 Participants
Region of Enrollment Taiwan	12 participants	13 participants	13 participants	38 participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	12 Participants	13 Participants	13 Participants	38 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants	0 Participants

Adverse events

Event type	EG000 affected / at risk	EG001 affected / at risk	EG002 affected / at risk
deaths Total, all-cause mortality	0 / 12	0 / 13	0 / 13
other Total, other adverse events	0 / 12	0 / 13	0 / 13
serious Total, serious adverse events	0 / 12	0 / 13	0 / 13

Outcome results

Primary

Pelvic Floor Muscle Function Measured by Digital Palpation

Pelvic floor muscle function (muscle strength) was measured through digital palpation. Three times of maximum contraction holding for five seconds with an interval resting of five seconds were performed, and the maximum value among three was recorded as the muscle strength of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The result was recorded using the modified Oxford grading scale, a six-point system with higher score indicated stronger muscle strength (0 = no contraction, 1 = flicker, 2 = weak, 3 = moderate with lift, 4 = good with lift, 5 = strong with lift).