Investigating the Specificity of Neural Correlates for Emotion Processing Deficits in Conduct Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders

neuroimaging session, including two functional neuroimaging paradigms (ca. 15-20 minutes each) and a short structural image acquisition (mprage) for coregistration. Functional Magnetic Brain Imaging (fMRI) and simultaneous eye-tracking data will be collected during the paradigms: 1) an emotion processing paradigm (adapted from Passamonti et al., 2010); and 2) an emotional Go/noGo paradigm (adapted from Hare et al., 2008).

The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire is a brief survey of six early traumatic experiences (death, divorce, violence, sexual abuse, illness or other), and assesses individual's understanding of their childhood trauma.

Self reported survey assessing social and mental health with four aspects of parenting determined (parental involvement, parental warmth, parental control, and inconsistency of parenting).

The Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument (MAYSI-2) is a screening instrument developed for detecting mental health needs in youth aged 12-17. Designed as a low-cost, easily administered tool, it screens for multiple issues and can be administered in 10-15 minutes. It is divided into seven scales composed of 52 questions that are designed to detect alcohol/drug use, angryirritable behavior, depression-anxiety, somatic complaints, suicide ideation, thought disturbance, and traumatic experience. Youths answer YES or NO concerning whether each item has been true for them within the past few months.

The Interpersonal Reactivity Index is a measure of dispositional empathy that takes as its starting point the notion that empathy consists of a set of separate but related constructs. The instrument contains four seven-item subscales (seven Likert items each), each tapping a separate facet of empathy (Empathic Concern, Perspective Taking, Personal Distress, and Fantasy). The 28-item IRI contains four subscales

self-report screening measures to assess psychopathic traits in youth assessing 10 core personality traits associated with the construct (grandiosity, lying, manipulation, callousness, unemotionality, impulsivity, irresponsibility, dishonest charm, remorselessness, and thrill seeking). Each item is scored on an ordinal 4-point Likert scale (1 = Does not apply at all, to 4 = Applies very well). Higher scores reflect an increased presence of psychopathic traits.

The Reactive-Proactive Questionnaire (RPQ) scores (0 (never), 1 sometimes, 2 (often)) for proactive aggression items and reactive items. Proactive and reactive scale scores are summated to obtain total aggression scores.

10-item scale designed to measure respondents' tendency to regulate their emotions in two ways: (1) Cognitive Reappraisal and (2) Expressive Suppression. Respondents answer each item on a 7-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree)

The Basic Empathy Scale (BES) measures 20 items (affective and cognitive empathy) on a Five-point Likert-type scale.

self-report measure of physical development which has been shown to be correlated with measures of pubertal development derived from physical examination. Responses are coded on 4-point scales (1 = no development and 4 = completed development). For girls, a yes-no question about onset of menarche is weighted more heavily (1 = no and 4 = yes). For both genders, ratings are then averaged to create an overall score for physical maturation.

The APQ measures five dimensions of parenting that are relevant to the etiology and treatment of child externalizing problems: (1) positive involvement with children, (2) supervision and monitoring, (3) use of positive discipline techniques, (4) consistency in the use of such discipline and (5) use of corporal punishment (42 self-reported responses, rated on a 5-point Likert scale- 1 (never) to 5 (always) for both child and parent forms)

24-item questionnaire designed to provide a comprehensive assessment of callous and unemotional traits.The ICU has three subscales: Callousness, Uncaring, and Unemotional. The ICU is made up of statements with a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (Not at all true) to 3 (Definitely True), with higher scores indicating greater CU traits.

The eight empirically-based syndrome scales are: 1. Aggressive Behavior 2. Anxious/Depressed 3. Attention Problems 4. Rule-Breaking Behavior 5. Somatic Complaints 6. Social Problems 7. Thought Problems 8. Withdrawn/Depressed. Higher scores indicate greater Problems.

self-report 23-item measure of empathy in which the respondent answers each item on a nine-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree

Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) measures social ability of children from 4 years to 18 years old. It is used primarily with individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), family members of individuals with ASD, and others who have social impairments. Parent or teacher questionnaire (65 items on a 4-point Likert scale). High scores are associated with more severe social impairments.