Thermogenesis by Different-dosage Mustard Flour Footbaths
Conditions
Keywords
Mustard flour footbaths, Dose-response relationship, Thermogenesis, Infrared thermography, Heart rate variability, Healthy volunteers
Brief summary
A study to explore whether different dosages of mustard flour in footbaths cause different effects on warmth development as well as on general well-being and the autonomic nervous system.
Detailed description
This is a blinded, four-arm randomized controlled trial with crossover design to explore the dose-response relationship of footbaths with different dosages of mustard flour in healthy volunteers, compared to a placebo control (footbath with warm water only). The main focus is on thermogenesis and warmth distribution, as assessed by high-resolution infrared thermography and questionnaire data before, during and after the intervention. In addition, effects on the autonomic nervous system are assessed by measuring various parameters of heart rate variability and pulse wave analysis.
Interventions
OTHER3-g mustard footbath
A ten-minute pre-intervention rest period followed by a 20-minute footbath with 12 l of warm water (40 °C) and 36 g mustard flour (3 g per l), followed by a ten-minute post-intervention rest period.
OTHER6-g mustard footbath
A ten-minute pre-intervention rest period followed by a 20-minute footbath with 12 l of warm water (40 °C) and 72 g mustard flour (6 g per l), followed by a ten-minute post-intervention rest period.
OTHER12-g mustard footbath
A ten-minute pre-intervention rest period followed by a 20-minute footbath with 12 l of warm water (40 °C) and 144 g mustard flour (12 g per l), followed by a ten-minute post-intervention rest period.
OTHERWarm water only
A ten-minute pre-intervention rest period followed by a 20-minute footbath with 12 l of warm water (40 °C), followed by a ten-minute post-intervention rest period.
Sponsors
University Hospital Tuebingen
ARCIM Institute Academic Research in Complementary and Integrative Medicine
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 55 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Written informed consent; * Age between 18 and 55 years
Exclusion criteria
* Chronic skin lesions at the lower legs or feet * Varicose veins grade 3 and grade 4 (Marshall stage classification) * Chronic venous insufficiency * Known intolerance or hypersensitivity to mustard preparations * Cardiac arrhythmia * Cardiac pacemaker * Asthma bronchiale * Consumption of HRV-modulating medication (especially tricyclic antidepressants, beta blockers) * Pregnancy * Insufficient knowledge of the german language
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 2-item warmth perception measure at the feet after the footbath | Immediately after the footbath, timepoint 2 (t2) | Self-reported warmth perception at both feet, assessed with the Herdecke warmth perception questionnaire immediately after the footbath (t2). Each item is scored 0-4 (0 = cold; 4 = hot), yielding a mean between 0 and 4. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 2-item warmth perception measure at the hands at t1, t2 and t3 | Immediately before (time point 1, t1), immediately after (time point 2, t2) and 10 minutes following the footbath (time point 3, t3). | Self-reported warmth perception at both hands, assessed with the Herdecke warmth perception questionnaire immediately before (t1), immediately after (t2) and 10 minutes following the footbath (t3). Each item is scored 0-4 (0 = cold; 4 = hot), yielding a mean between 0 and 4. |
| 2-item warmth perception measure at the head at t1, t2 and t3 | Immediately before (time point 1, t1), immediately after (time point 2, t2) and 10 minutes following the footbath (time point 3, t3) | Self-reported warmth perception at the head, assessed with the Herdecke warmth perception questionnaire immediately before (t1), immediately after (t2) and 10 minutes following the footbath (t3). Each item is scored 0-4 (0 = cold; 4 = hot), yielding a mean between 0 and 4. |
| 1-item overall warmth perception measure at t1, t2 and t3 | Immediately before (time point 1, t1), immediately after (time point 2, t2) and 10 minutes following the footbath (time point 3, t3) | Self-reported overall warmth perception, assessed with the Herdecke warmth perception questionnaire immediately before (t1), immediately after (t2) and 10 minutes following the footbath (t3). The item is scored 0-4 (0 = cold; 4 = hot). |
| Warmth perception and skin stimulus at the feet during the footbath | Up to 20 minutes | Self-reported perception of warmth and skin stimulus during the footbath, assessed with a dynamic warmth and skin stimulus visual analog scale (VAS), applied once per minute (0 = cold/no stimulus; 10 = very hot/very strong stimulus). |
| Skin surface temperature at the feet at t1, t2 and t3 | Immediately before (time point 1, t1), immediately after (time point 2, t2) and 10 minutes following the footbath (time point 3, t3) | Skin surface temperature (°C) at both feet, measured with high-resolution infrared thermography immediately before (t1), immediately after (t2) and 10 minutes following the footbath (t3) |
| Well-being at t1, t2 and t3 | Immediately before (time point 1, t1), immediately after (time point 2, t2) and 10 minutes following the footbath (time point 3, t3) (length of footbath is up to 20 minutes) | Self-reported well-being, assessed with the Basler Befindlichkeits-Skala (Basel Mood Questionnaire, BBS) immediately before (t1), immediately after (t2) and 10 minutes following the footbath (t3). (BBS: 16 items; 7-point rating scale; higher values represent a better outcome.) |
| Skin surface temperature at the lower legs at t1, t2 and t3 | Immediately before (time point 1, t1), immediately after (time point 2, t2) and 10 minutes following the footbath (time point 3, t3) | Skin surface temperature (°C) at both lower legs, measured with high-resolution infrared thermography immediately before (t1), immediately after (t2) and 10 minutes following the footbath (t3) |
| Skin surface temperature at the hands at t1, t2 and t3 | Immediately before (time point 1, t1), immediately after (time point 2, t2) and 10 minutes following the footbath (time point 3, t3) | Skin surface temperature (°C) at both hands, measured with high-resolution infrared thermography immediately before (t1), immediately after (t2) and 10 minutes following the footbath (t3) |
| Skin surface temperature in the face at t1, t2 and t3 | Immediately before (time point 1, t1), immediately after (time point 2, t2) and 10 minutes following the footbath (time point 3, t3) (length of footbath is up to 20 minutes) | Skin surface temperature (°C) in the face, measured with high-resolution infrared thermography immediately before (t1), immediately after (t2) and 10 minutes following the footbath (t3) |
| Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis: HF | Up to 40 minutes (continuous measurement from the beginning of the pre-intervention rest period to the end of the post-intervention rest-period) | HF: High frequency power band (0.15-0.40 Hz) (ms2) from frequency domain analysis, obtained from ECG recordings throughout the intervention and the pre- and post-intervention rest periods (VitaGuard® 3100 monitor, getemed, Germany) |
| HRV analysis: LF | Up to 40 minutes (continuous measurement from the beginning of the pre-intervention rest period to the end of the post-intervention rest-period) | LF: Low frequency power band (0.04-0.15 Hz) (ms2) from frequency domain analysis (VitaGuard® 3100 monitor, getemed, Germany) |
| 2-item warmth perception measure at the feet at time point 1 (t1) and time point 3 (t3) | Immediately before (time point 1, t1) and 10 minutes following the footbath (time point 3, t3). | Self-reported warmth perception at both feet, assessed with the Herdecke warmth perception questionnaire immediately before (t1) and 10 minutes following the footbath (t3). Each item is scored 0-4 (0 = cold; 4 = hot), yielding a mean between 0 and 4. |
| HRV analysis: SDNN | Up to 40 minutes (continuous measurement from the beginning of the pre-intervention rest period to the end of the post-intervention rest-period) | SDNN: Standard deviation of normal to normal (NN) intervals (ms) (VitaGuard® 3100 monitor, getemed, Germany) |
| HRV analysis: RMSSD | Up to 40 minutes (continuous measurement from the beginning of the pre-intervention rest period to the end of the post-intervention rest-period) | RMSSD: Root mean square of successive differences (ms) (VitaGuard® 3100 monitor, getemed, Germany) |
| HRV analysis: pNN50 | Up to 40 minutes (continuous measurement from the beginning of the pre-intervention rest period to the end of the post-intervention rest-period) | pNN50: Percentage of successive NN intervals that differ from each other by more than 50 ms (%) (VitaGuard® 3100 monitor, getemed, Germany) |
| Pulse wave analysis: Pulse Transit Time | Up to 40 minutes (continuous measurement from the beginning of the pre-intervention rest period to the end of the post-intervention rest-period) | Pulse Transit Time (PTT, ms), obtained from pulse oximetry recordings throughout the intervention and the pre- and post-intervention rest periods (VitaGuard® 3100 monitor, getemed, Germany) |
| Pulse wave analysis: Reflection Index | Up to 40 minutes (continuous measurement from the beginning of the pre-intervention rest period to the end of the post-intervention rest-period) | Reflection Index (RI, %, percent), obtained from pulse oximetry recordings throughout the intervention and the pre- and post-intervention rest periods (VitaGuard® 3100 monitor, getemed, Germany) |
| Pulse wave analysis: Perfusion Index | Up to 40 minutes (continuous measurement from the beginning of the pre-intervention rest period to the end of the post-intervention rest-period) | Perfusion Index (PI, %, percent), obtained from pulse oximetry recordings throughout the intervention and the pre- and post-intervention rest periods (VitaGuard® 3100 monitor, getemed, Germany) |
| Evening morning protocol: perception of warmth and stimulus at the feet | After footbath in the evening, before going to sleep; on the following morning, within 15 minutes after waking up | Self-reported lasting effects of the footbaths at the feet, indicated on a seven-point rating scale (higher values represent a better outcome) |
| Evening morning protocol: skin condition | After footbath in the evening, before going to sleep; on the following morning, within 15 minutes after waking up | Self-reported lasting effects of the footbaths on skin condition, indicated on a seven-point rating scale (higher values represent a better outcome) |
| Evening morning protocol: general well-being | After footbath in the evening, before going to sleep; on the following morning, within 15 minutes after waking up | Self-reported lasting effects of the footbaths on general well-being, indicated on a seven-point rating scale (higher values represent a better outcome) |
| Morning protocol: sleep quality: seven-point rating scale | In the morning after the footbath, within 15 minutes after waking up | Self-reported sleep quality during the night following the footbaths, indicated on a seven-point rating scale (higher values represent a better outcome) |
| HRV analysis: LF/HF ratio | Up to 40 minutes (continuous measurement from the beginning of the pre-intervention rest period to the end of the post-intervention rest-period) | LF/HF ratio = ratio of two bands from frequency domain analysis: LF band (0.04-0.15 Hz), HF band (0.15-0.40 Hz) (VitaGuard® 3100 monitor, getemed, Germany) |
Countries
Germany
Outcome results
None listed