Adverse Reaction to Drug, Analgesic Adverse Reaction, Arteriovenous Fistula, Chronic Kidney Diseases, Midazolam Adverse Reaction, Patient Satisfaction, Sedative Adverse Reaction
Conditions
Keywords
Midazolam, Remifentanil, Benzodiazepine, Opioid, Chronic Kidney Diseases, Analgesia, Sedation, Adverse Reaction, Patient Satisfaction, Arteriovenous Fistula
Brief summary
BACKGROUND: Sedation and analgesia are related to unexpected adverse events in chronic renal failure patients undergoing arteriovenous fistula placement procedures under monitored anesthesia care (MAC). OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to investigate and compare the sedation and analgesia related effects and adverse effects of continuous intravenous use of midazolam and intermittent bolus doses of midazolam while intravenous remifentanil is used as a rescue medication in patients with chronic renal failure.
Detailed description
BACKGROUND: Sedation and analgesia are related to unexpected adverse events in chronic renal failure patients undergoing arteriovenous fistula placement procedures under monitored anesthesia care (MAC). OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to investigate and compare the sedation and analgesia related effects and adverse effects of continuous intravenous use of midazolam to intermittent bolus doses of midazolam while intravenous remifentanil is used as a rescue medication in patients with chronic renal failure. DESIGN: From a total of 116 patients, 99 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing arteriovenous fistula procedures were included in a prospective randomized study. SETTINGS: Two tertiary care hospitals. PATIENTS: The patients were divided into Group 1 (continuous)(n=50); patients receiving intravenous midazolam infusion at a dose of 0.02 to 0.04 mg/kg/h and Group 2 (intermittent)(n=49); patients receiving intermittent intravenous bolus doses of 0.015 mg/kg every 10 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes were; 1- The total amount of doses of the use of midazolam and remifentanil in both groups of patients, 2- The evaluation of satisfaction of patient and surgeon at the end of the operation, in the recovery room during the period of recovery from sedation and before discharge. Other outcome measures include; the sedative, analgesic and hemodynamical effects of sedative medications that were compared in both groups of patients during the operation time period. The hospital stay duration was recorded and compared between groups. The maximum dose of midazolam was limited to 4 mg intravenously. The intensity of pain was assessed using a verbal numerical sedation scale (range 1 to 10) (VNRS) and the sedation level was recorded by Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (MOSS/A) (range 0 to 6). MOSS/A Scale includes; Score 0: Does not respond to deep stimulus, Score 1: Does not respond to mild prodding or shaking, Score 2: Responds only after mild prodding or shaking, Score 3: Responds only after name is called loudly and/or repeatedly, Score 4: Lethargic response to name spoken in normal tone, Score 5: Responds readily to name spoken in normal tone, Score 6: Agitated. An intravenous bolus dose of remifentanil as a rescue medication was administered for pain scores greater than 3 at a dose of 5µg/mL. Adverse events were recorded. Patient satisfaction level depending on the experience in general were evaluated at discharge from 0 to 4 point numerical scale: 0 = extremely dissatisfied; 1 = dissatisfied; 2 = neither satisfied nor dissatisfied; 3 = satisfied; 4 = extremely satisfied. Surgeon satisfaction level depending on the experience in general were evaluated at discharge from five-point numerical scale: 0 = extremely poor; 1 = poor; 2 = fair; 3 = good; 4 = excellent. SAMPLE SIZE: The sample size was calculated based on a power of 80% and a 5% type-I error and for each group, thirty patients were required.
Interventions
DRUGMidazolam intravenous injection
The midazolam was prepared as 5 mg midazolam in 20 mL syringe of 5% dextrose water solution (0.25 mg/mL) in both arms. Both groups of patients received an intravenous bolus dose of midazolam was administered before the start of the surgery. In Group 1, continuous infusion of intravenous midazolam was started and in Group 2, intravenous bolus doses of midazolam were administered. The doses were adjusted depending on pain level and sedation level using appropriate scales for monitoring during the surgical time period. The drip rate was adjusted according to pain intensity. The infusion of drugs was discontinued at the end of the procedure.
DRUGRemifentanil intravenous bolus dose
A remifentanil infusion was prepared as follows; 0.5 mg remifentanil was added into 100 mL of 0.9% saline at a concentration of 5 μg/mL. The preparation of remifentanil solution and installation of the device was done by an anesthesiologist who was blinded for the study groups. The dose and number of patients that required remifentanil were recorded. The infusion of drugs was discontinued at the end of the procedure. A rescue medication of intravenous remifentanil bolus dose was used as 1 to 3 mL (5 μg or 15 μg) every 5 minutes if necessary for pain scores greater than 3. This infusion was prepared prior to the use during the study and was discontinued at the end of the procedure.
Sponsors
Trakya University
Kartal Kosuyolu Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Research Hospital
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Caregiver)
Masking description
This study was a single-blinded controlled study because the sedation and analgesia were administered by anesthesiology residents who were unaware of the technique and the study protocol, however, the protocol was known by the experienced anesthesiologist who was attending the case and collecting the data during the procedure. The preparation of midazolam and remifentanil solutions and installation of the infusion devices were done by an anesthesiologist who was blinded for the study groups.
Intervention model description
This is a prospective, randomized clinical study. The patients were divided into two groups with a 1: 1 allocation and sealed envelope randomization method. Both groups of patients received intravenous midazolam, in Group 1, intravenous midazolam was administered continuously whereas, in Group 2, intravenous midazolam was administered as intermittent bolus doses. Both groups received intravenous remifentanil bolus doses as a rescue medication.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
43 Years to 81 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Age: Forty-three to eighty-one years of age, 2. ASA status: American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) status I-III, 3. The diagnosis: A diagnosis of chronic renal failure, 4. The operation type: An arteriovenous fistula procedure
Exclusion criteria
1. Body mass index greater than 40 that are considered morbidly obese patients, 2. Lung disorders leading to severe respiratory insufficiency such as; severe asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, 3. Severe cardiovascular insufficiency or dysfunction, 4. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 5. Severe hepatic diseases, 6. ASA status of 4 and 5, 7. Neurologic disorders such as; the presence of epilepsy, arterial aneurysm, intracranial mass, 8. Patients complaining about intense pain before the procedure and patients with a history of long term opioid use or chronic pain, 9. Patients with a history of allergy to the study drugs, 10. Patients without written informed consent.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| The amount of total use of midazolam and remifentanil drug consumptions in milligrams during operation time period. | Through the operative time period up to two hours of time. | The comparison of total use of midazolam and remifentanil drug consumptions in milligrams during operation time period between the two groups. |
| The evaluation of satisfaction of patient and surgeon by a questionnaire at the end of operation. | The collection of questionnaire at the end of operation in recovery room after recovery from sedation in a total of ten minutes time. | The evaluation and comparison of satisfaction of patient and surgeon at the end of operation by a questionnaire between the two groups. Patient satisfaction level depending on the experience in general was evaluated at discharge from 0 to 4 point numerical scale: 0 = extremely dissatisfied; 1 = dissatisfied; 2 = neither satisfied nor dissatisfied; 3 = satisfied; 4 = extremely satisfied. Surgeon satisfaction level depending on the experience in general was evaluated at discharge from five point numerical scale: 0 = extremely poor; 1 = poor; 2 = fair; 3 = good; 4 = excellent. |
| Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (MOSS/A) Scale | Through the operative time period up to two hours of time. | The comparison of level of sedation using MOSS/A scale that ranges from 0 to 6, with a score of 6 defined as awake or minimally sedated, and a score of 0 defined as general anesthesia every 10 to 15 minutes between the two groups. |
| Verbal Numerical Rating Scale | Through the operative time period up to two hours of time. | The comparison of level of pain using Verbal Numerical Rating Scale (VNRS; 0= no pain, 10=the worst possible pain imaginable) scale every 10 to 15 minutes between the two groups. |
| Recovery time | Through the recovery room time period before discharge up to one hour time. | The comparison of recovery time duration presented in minutes unit of time between the two groups. |
| Hospital stay | Through the duration of stay in hospital before discharge up to seventy two hours time. | The comparison of hospital stay duration presented in hours unit of time between the two groups. |
| Systolic blood pressure values during operation and in the recovery room. | Through the operative time period up to two hours of time and through the recovery room time period before discharge up to one hour time. | The comparison of systolic blood pressure in mmHg unit values every 15 minutes between the two groups. |
| Heart rate values during operation and in the recovery room. | Through the operative time period up to two hours of time and through the recovery room time period before discharge up to one hour time. | The comparison of heart rate values in beats per minute unit every fifteen minutes between the two groups. |
| Pulse oximetry values during operation and in the recovery room. | Through the operative time period up to two hours of time and through the recovery room time period before discharge up to one hour time. | The comparison of pulse oximetry values in percent unit every fifteen minutes between the two groups. |
| Adverse events during operation and in the recovery room. | Through the operative time period up to two hours of time and through the recovery room time period before discharge up to one hour time. | Number of Participants With Adverse Events as Assessed by CTCAE Version 4.03. |
Outcome results
None listed