Dietary Habits
Conditions
Keywords
Food and beverage purchases, Sugar-sweetened beverages, Beverages
Brief summary
The purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to determine whether pictorial warnings on sugar-sweetened beverages are more effective than neutral labels at reducing parents' purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages for their children. Participants will be parents or guardians of at least one child age 2-12. The trial will take place in a mock convenience store. Participants will be randomly assigned to a pictorial warnings arm in which all sugar-sweetened beverages in the store are labeled with pictorial warnings, or to a control arm in which all sugar-sweetened beverages in the store are labeled with a neutral label. All participants will visit the mock convenience store setup based on their randomized trial arm and be instructed to engage in a shopping task. Participants will complete a computer survey after the shopping task.
Detailed description
Childhood obesity is a major public health problem in the US among racial and ethnic minorities, including among the US's growing Latino population. One promising but understudied policy for addressing childhood obesity is requiring pictorial warnings on the front of sugar-sweetened beverage containers. The impact of pictorial warnings in real-world food retail environments on parents' sugar-sweetened beverage purchasing behavior for their children is unknown. This study will assess the impact of pictorial warnings on parents' sugar-sweetened beverage purchases for their children in a real-world randomized controlled trial. The investigators focus on parents as they are the primary decision-makers and purchasers of food products for children and exert strong influence over their children's dietary intake and food attitudes. Half of participants will be Latino as childhood obesity is a major public health problem among the US's growing Latino population. Setting: The trial will take place in a mock convenience store setting created for researchers to examine how store and product characteristics influence consumer purchases in a controlled but realistic environment. The store reflects a convenience store's characteristics, with foods, beverages, and household items set at real-world prices. Recruitment: Participants will be recruited locally via methods including community subject pools, printed flyers posted, and online listings. Interested potential participants will complete a screening questionnaire online, in person, or over the phone to determine their eligibility. If eligible, they will be invited to schedule a time to visit the mock store for the trial. Informed Consent: At the beginning of the in-person study visit, study staff will explain the consent form. The study staff will ask the participant if he or she has any questions; once the participant consents to the study, both parties will sign the consent form and the participant will receive a copy of the consent form. Randomization: After the participant signs the consent form, study staff will randomly assign participants to one of the two study arms. Randomization order will be determined a priori. Participants will have an equal chance of being randomized to either arm of the trial. Assessment: Using an established protocol, participants will visit the mock study convenience store and be given a shopping task to select 1 beverage and 1 snack to purchase for their child ages 2-12. If the participant has more than one child age 2-12, the investigators will randomly select the child they should shop for. At check-out, study staff will record the products selected. Participants will then complete 1 computer-based survey immediately after completing the shopping task. The visit will take approximately 45-60 minutes. At the end of the study, participants will receive an informational handout about sugar-sweetened beverages and healthier alternatives. Detailed description of the trial arms: Participants will be assigned to either a pictorial warnings arm or a control arm. In the pictorial warnings arm, all sugar-sweetened beverage products in the mock store will be labeled with a pictorial warning label (two different warning labels will be displayed at the same time, but only 1 warning label per product). Investigators developed the text and design of these warning labels using a pre-test. In the control arm, all sugar-sweetened beverage products will be labeled with a neutral label, also developed by the investigators. In both arms, labels will be adhered directly on the front-of-package of sugar-sweetened beverage containers.
Interventions
Labels with a pictorial warning will be applied to the front-of-package of all sugar-sweetened beverage containers in the mock store. Investigators developed the text and design of these labels based on previous research.
OTHERNeutral label
Neutral labels will be applied to the front-of-package of all sugar-sweetened beverage containers in the mock store. Investigators developed the design of these labels.
Sponsors
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Be 18 years or older * Be able to read and speak English or Spanish * Be able to take a computer survey in English or Spanish * Be the parent or guardian to at least one child between the ages of 2 and 12 who consumed at least one sugar-sweetened beverage in the week prior to taking the screener
Exclusion criteria
* Cannot have participated in the investigator's previous study at the convenience store in the past year * Cannot live in the same household as another enrolled study participant
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percentage of Participants Who Purchase at Least 1 Sugar-sweetened Beverage for Their Child | At completion of ~10 minute shopping task, during 1-time study visit | The primary outcome is the percent of participants who selected at least one sugar-sweetened beverage for their child during the shopping task. Purchases will be recorded by the experimenter when they complete the shopping task. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Mean Anticipated Social Interactions | Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task | Anticipated social interactions about the study labels will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a higher likelihood of discussing the study labels with others. |
| Mean Appeal of Sugar-sweetened Beverages for Child | Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task | Parents' perceptions about sugar-sweetened beverages appeal for their child will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 7 scale, with higher scores representing a higher perceived appeal of sugar-sweetened beverages for their child. |
| Mean Tastiness of Sugar-sweetened Beverages for Child | Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task | Parents' perceptions of tastiness of sugar-sweetened beverages for their child will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 7 scale, with higher scores representing a higher perceived tastiness of sugar-sweetened beverages for their child. |
| Mean Injunctive Norms About Limiting Child's Sugar-sweetened Beverages | Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task | Injunctive norms about limiting child's sugar-sweetened beverage consumption will be measured at post-test by survey. Injunctive norms refer to perceived approval from people important in the participant's life. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing higher perceived approval about limiting their child's sugar-sweetened beverages. |
| Mean Total Calories Purchased From Sugar-sweetened Beverages | At completion of ~10 minute shopping task, during 1-time study visit | Total calories purchased from sugar-sweetened beverages is defined as the total number of calories of sugar-sweetened beverages in the participant's basket when they complete the shopping task. |
| Mean Intention to Give Sugar-sweetened Beverages to Child | Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task | Intention to give sugar-sweetened beverages to child will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 7 scale, with higher scores representing a higher intention to give sugar-sweetened beverages to the participant's child. |
| Percentage of Participants Who Noticed Trial Label | Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task | Percent of participants who noticed the trial labels will be measured at post-test by survey. |
| Mean Thinking About Harms of Drinking Sugar-sweetened Beverages | Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task | How much the participant reports thinking about the health problems caused by drinking sugar-sweetened beverages will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a higher amount of thinking about harms of drinking sugar-sweetened beverages. |
| Mean Negative Affective Reactions | Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task | Negative affect will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a higher negative affect reaction. |
| Percentage of Participants Who Felt More in Control of Healthy Eating Decisions | Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task | Percent of participants indicating they felt more in control of healthy eating decisions will be measured at post-test by survey. |
| Mean Perceived Amount of Added Sugar in Sugar-sweetened Beverages | Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task | Perceptions of added sugar content in sugar-sweetened beverages will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a higher perceived amount of added sugar in sugar-sweetened beverages. |
| Mean Perceived Likelihood of Child Experiencing Health Problems Due to Sugar-sweetened Beverages | Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task | Perceived likelihood of child experiencing sugar-sweetened beverage related health outcomes will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 7 scale, with higher scores representing a higher perceived likelihood of child experiencing health problems due to sugar-sweetened beverages. |
| Mean Healthfulness of Sugar-sweetened Beverages for Child | Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task | Parents' perceptions about sugar-sweetened beverages' healthfulness for their child will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 7 scale, with higher scores representing a higher perceived healthfulness of sugar-sweetened beverages for their child. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Mean Policy Support | Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task | Support for sugar-sweetened beverage health warning labels will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 4 scale, with higher scores representing a higher amount of support for a sugar-sweetened beverage health warning label policy. |
| Mean Perceived Message Effectiveness | Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task | Perceived message effectiveness of the study labels will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a higher perceived message effectiveness of the study labels. |
| Mean Anticipated Avoidance of Label | Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task | Avoidance of the study labels will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a higher amount of avoidance of looking at the study labels. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Neutral Label Neutral label: Neutral labels will be applied to the front-of-package of all sugar-sweetened beverage containers in the mock store. Investigators developed the design of these labels. | 162 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label: Labels with a pictorial warning will be applied to the front-of-package of all sugar-sweetened beverage containers in the mock store. Investigators developed the text and design of these labels based on previous research. | 163 |
| Total | 325 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Missing primary outcome | 1 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Neutral Label | Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Customized 18-29 | 24 Participants | 21 Participants | 45 Participants |
| Age, Customized 30-39 | 65 Participants | 74 Participants | 139 Participants |
| Age, Customized 40-49 | 53 Participants | 54 Participants | 107 Participants |
| Age, Customized 50+ | 20 Participants | 14 Participants | 34 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Data Not Reported | 4 Participants | 3 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic, no race reported | 14 Participants | 15 Participants | 29 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic, other race(s) | 8 Participants | 9 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Hispanic white | 9 Participants | 10 Participants | 19 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Non-Hispanic Asian | 6 Participants | 7 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Non-Hispanic Black or African American | 46 Participants | 34 Participants | 80 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Non-Hispanic, more than one race | 3 Participants | 13 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Non-Hispanic, other race | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Non-Hispanic white | 72 Participants | 70 Participants | 142 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 162 Participants | 163 Participants | 325 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Another gender identity | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Man | 41 Participants | 32 Participants | 73 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Woman | 120 Participants | 130 Participants | 250 Participants |
| Time of participation During pandemic | 98 Participants | 98 Participants | 196 Participants |
| Time of participation Pre-pandemic | 64 Participants | 65 Participants | 129 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 163 | 0 / 163 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 163 | 0 / 163 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 163 | 0 / 163 |
Outcome results
Primary
Percentage of Participants Who Purchase at Least 1 Sugar-sweetened Beverage for Their Child
The primary outcome is the percent of participants who selected at least one sugar-sweetened beverage for their child during the shopping task. Purchases will be recorded by the experimenter when they complete the shopping task.
Time frame: At completion of ~10 minute shopping task, during 1-time study visit
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Percentage of Participants Who Purchase at Least 1 Sugar-sweetened Beverage for Their Child | 45 percentage of participants |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Percentage of Participants Who Purchase at Least 1 Sugar-sweetened Beverage for Their Child | 28 percentage of participants |
p-value: <0.01Chi-squared
Secondary
Mean Anticipated Social Interactions
Anticipated social interactions about the study labels will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a higher likelihood of discussing the study labels with others.
Time frame: Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task
Population: Assessed for participants who provided response.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Mean Anticipated Social Interactions | 2.16 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.32 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Mean Anticipated Social Interactions | 3.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.24 |
p-value: <0.001Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney)
Secondary
Mean Appeal of Sugar-sweetened Beverages for Child
Parents' perceptions about sugar-sweetened beverages appeal for their child will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 7 scale, with higher scores representing a higher perceived appeal of sugar-sweetened beverages for their child.
Time frame: Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task
Population: Assessed for participants who provided response.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Mean Appeal of Sugar-sweetened Beverages for Child | 3.32 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.96 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Mean Appeal of Sugar-sweetened Beverages for Child | 3.24 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.98 |
p-value: 0.42Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney)
Secondary
Mean Healthfulness of Sugar-sweetened Beverages for Child
Parents' perceptions about sugar-sweetened beverages' healthfulness for their child will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 7 scale, with higher scores representing a higher perceived healthfulness of sugar-sweetened beverages for their child.
Time frame: Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task
Population: Assessed for participants who provided response.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Mean Healthfulness of Sugar-sweetened Beverages for Child | 2.24 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Mean Healthfulness of Sugar-sweetened Beverages for Child | 1.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.82 |
p-value: <0.001Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney)
Secondary
Mean Injunctive Norms About Limiting Child's Sugar-sweetened Beverages
Injunctive norms about limiting child's sugar-sweetened beverage consumption will be measured at post-test by survey. Injunctive norms refer to perceived approval from people important in the participant's life. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing higher perceived approval about limiting their child's sugar-sweetened beverages.
Time frame: Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task
Population: Assessed for participants who provided response.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Mean Injunctive Norms About Limiting Child's Sugar-sweetened Beverages | 3.21 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.33 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Mean Injunctive Norms About Limiting Child's Sugar-sweetened Beverages | 3.60 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
p-value: <0.01Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney)
Secondary
Mean Intention to Give Sugar-sweetened Beverages to Child
Intention to give sugar-sweetened beverages to child will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 7 scale, with higher scores representing a higher intention to give sugar-sweetened beverages to the participant's child.
Time frame: Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task
Population: Assessed for participants who provided response.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Mean Intention to Give Sugar-sweetened Beverages to Child | 1.85 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Mean Intention to Give Sugar-sweetened Beverages to Child | 1.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
p-value: 0.03Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney)
Secondary
Mean Negative Affective Reactions
Negative affect will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a higher negative affect reaction.
Time frame: Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task
Population: Assessed for participants who provided response.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Mean Negative Affective Reactions | 1.51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.82 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Mean Negative Affective Reactions | 3.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.12 |
p-value: <0.001Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney)
Secondary
Mean Perceived Amount of Added Sugar in Sugar-sweetened Beverages
Perceptions of added sugar content in sugar-sweetened beverages will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a higher perceived amount of added sugar in sugar-sweetened beverages.
Time frame: Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task
Population: Assessed for participants who provided response.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Mean Perceived Amount of Added Sugar in Sugar-sweetened Beverages | 3.99 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Mean Perceived Amount of Added Sugar in Sugar-sweetened Beverages | 4.08 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.77 |
p-value: 0.06Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney)
Secondary
Mean Perceived Likelihood of Child Experiencing Health Problems Due to Sugar-sweetened Beverages
Perceived likelihood of child experiencing sugar-sweetened beverage related health outcomes will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 7 scale, with higher scores representing a higher perceived likelihood of child experiencing health problems due to sugar-sweetened beverages.
Time frame: Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task
Population: Assessed for participants who provided response.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Mean Perceived Likelihood of Child Experiencing Health Problems Due to Sugar-sweetened Beverages | 3.95 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.99 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Mean Perceived Likelihood of Child Experiencing Health Problems Due to Sugar-sweetened Beverages | 4.07 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
p-value: 0.37Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney)
Secondary
Mean Tastiness of Sugar-sweetened Beverages for Child
Parents' perceptions of tastiness of sugar-sweetened beverages for their child will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 7 scale, with higher scores representing a higher perceived tastiness of sugar-sweetened beverages for their child.
Time frame: Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task
Population: Assessed for participants who provided response.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Mean Tastiness of Sugar-sweetened Beverages for Child | 3.47 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.89 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Mean Tastiness of Sugar-sweetened Beverages for Child | 3.30 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
p-value: 0.13Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney)
Secondary
Mean Thinking About Harms of Drinking Sugar-sweetened Beverages
How much the participant reports thinking about the health problems caused by drinking sugar-sweetened beverages will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a higher amount of thinking about harms of drinking sugar-sweetened beverages.
Time frame: Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task
Population: Assessed for participants who provided response.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Mean Thinking About Harms of Drinking Sugar-sweetened Beverages | 1.90 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.25 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Mean Thinking About Harms of Drinking Sugar-sweetened Beverages | 4.21 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
p-value: <0.001Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney)
Secondary
Mean Total Calories Purchased From Sugar-sweetened Beverages
Total calories purchased from sugar-sweetened beverages is defined as the total number of calories of sugar-sweetened beverages in the participant's basket when they complete the shopping task.
Time frame: At completion of ~10 minute shopping task, during 1-time study visit
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Mean Total Calories Purchased From Sugar-sweetened Beverages | 82.1 calories | Standard Deviation 97.22 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Mean Total Calories Purchased From Sugar-sweetened Beverages | 51.72 calories | Standard Deviation 86.82 |
p-value: <0.01t-test, 2 sided
Secondary
Percentage of Participants Who Felt More in Control of Healthy Eating Decisions
Percent of participants indicating they felt more in control of healthy eating decisions will be measured at post-test by survey.
Time frame: Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task
Population: Assessed for participants who provided response.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Percentage of Participants Who Felt More in Control of Healthy Eating Decisions | 30 percentage of participants |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Percentage of Participants Who Felt More in Control of Healthy Eating Decisions | 73 percentage of participants |
p-value: <0.001Chi-squared
Secondary
Percentage of Participants Who Noticed Trial Label
Percent of participants who noticed the trial labels will be measured at post-test by survey.
Time frame: Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task
Population: Assessed for participants who provided response.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Percentage of Participants Who Noticed Trial Label | 47 percentage of participants |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Percentage of Participants Who Noticed Trial Label | 52 percentage of participants |
p-value: 0.37Chi-squared
Other Pre-specified
Mean Anticipated Avoidance of Label
Avoidance of the study labels will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a higher amount of avoidance of looking at the study labels.
Time frame: Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task
Population: Assessed for participants who provided response.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Mean Anticipated Avoidance of Label | 1.94 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Mean Anticipated Avoidance of Label | 3.43 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
Other Pre-specified
Mean Perceived Message Effectiveness
Perceived message effectiveness of the study labels will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 5 scale, with higher scores representing a higher perceived message effectiveness of the study labels.
Time frame: Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task
Population: Assessed for participants who provided response.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Mean Perceived Message Effectiveness | 2.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Mean Perceived Message Effectiveness | 4.2 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
Other Pre-specified
Mean Policy Support
Support for sugar-sweetened beverage health warning labels will be measured at post-test by survey. Response options are on a 1 to 4 scale, with higher scores representing a higher amount of support for a sugar-sweetened beverage health warning label policy.
Time frame: Post-test computer survey within 30 minutes following completion of ~10 minute shopping task
Population: Assessed for people who provided response.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral Label | Mean Policy Support | 3.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Warning Label | Mean Policy Support | 3.49 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |