Neural Correlates of the Shift in Social Buffering of Social Evaluative Threat

For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the amygdala over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.

Time frame: 2 hours

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the amygdala over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.

Time frame: 2 hours

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the bilateral amygdala over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.

Time frame: 2 hours

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

Heart rate will be derived from the EKG signal collected during periods of stress (social evaluation) and non-stress (no evaluation) during the course of the assessment. The variable, heart rate response, is a numeric output (reported in beats per minutes) from validated software (BIOPAC) which is calculated using a regression algorithm. The outcome measure will be reported as the difference between heart rate response during the period of stress and period of non-stress.

Time frame: 2 hours

Population: Originally, we intended to capture heart rate date from EKG signal collected while the participant was in the MRI. During data extraction/analysis, we were unable to reliably separate out the interfering noise caused by the MRI scanner from the EKG signal. Therefore, these data are not available to be reported. Instead, we extracted data from a pulse oximeter reading on the available subset of participants, and report that data here.

Area under the curve from initial (baseline) will be calculated and used in the analyses. Description = 9 saliva samples are collected during the course of the assessment. These samples are collected at (1) arrival for training purposes; T=0, (2) scan preparation; T=35 minutes, (3) entering scanner; T=55 minutes, (4) pre-TSST; T=75 minutes, (5) post-TSST; T=100 minutes, (6) pre-math alone; T=110 minutes, (7) post-math alone; T=120 minutes, (8) exiting scanner; T=130 minutes, (9) departure; T=140 minutes. Area under the curve at intercept (AUCi) is calculated using samples 2-7 with sample 2 as the intercept.

Time frame: 2 hours, approx

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

salivary Alpha Amylase is used to index autonomic/sympathetic function. 9 saliva samples are collected during the course of the assessment. These samples are collected at (1) arrival; T=0, (2) scan preparation; T=35 minutes, (3) entering scanner; T=55 minutes, (4) pre-TSST; T=75 minutes, (5) post-TSST; T=100 minutes, (6) pre-math alone; T=110 minutes, (7) post-math alone; T=120 minutes, (8) exiting scanner; T=130 minutes, (9) departure; T=140 minutes. 4 samples (3-6) are assayed for salivary alpha amylase in micrograms per milliliter (sAA). Area under the curve at intercept (AUCi) is calculated using samples 3-6 with sample 3 as the intercept.

Time frame: 2 hours

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas anterior cingulate cortex thresholded at 50% confidence and dorsal to the genu of the corpus callosum.

Time frame: 2 hours

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the hypothalamus over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.

Time frame: 2 hours

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the hypothalamus over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.

Time frame: 2 hours

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

For each participant, signal intensity (unitless measure) will be measured using fMRI in the hypothalamus over a five-minute recording period. Signal intensity will also be measured using fMRI in the bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) over the same period of time. A bivariate correlation will be conducted for these two data sets to determine functional connectivity, which will be reported as the r value of the correlation. This outcome measure will be reported as the mean difference in functional connectivity value (r, or correlation coefficient) for each buffering condition/group.

Time frame: 2 hours

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the left anterior insula between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas left insula thresholded at 50% confidence and anterior to the region's midpoint.

Time frame: 2 hours

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left dlPFC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas left middle frontal gyrus thresholded at 50% confidence.

Time frame: 2 hours

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the right anterior insula between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas right insula thresholded at 50% confidence and anterior to the region's midpoint.

Time frame: 2 hours

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (right dlPFC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas right middle frontal gyrus thresholded at 50% confidence.

Time frame: 2 hours

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

The difference in fMRI BOLD signal intensity in the bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) between the social evaluative stress condition (judged math) and non-stress condition (math without judges). Mean group differences in signal intensity between the two math tasks were extracted from a brain region defined by the combination of Harvard-Oxford brain atlas frontal pole, frontal medial cortex, and subcallosal cortex thresholded at 50% confidence and ventral to the genu of the corpus callosum and medial to the lateral edges of the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas frontal medial cortex.

Time frame: 2 hours

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

Scale on the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire. Potential Covariate, 3pt scale (0,1,2), high scores indicate inhibition

Time frame: Parent report of child's general experience, collected over 30 minutes

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

Youth report on whether they consumed caffeine or nicotine in the 1-2 hours prior to the assessment. Coded as no=0, yes=1. Used as a potential covariate for heart rate and neuroendocrine measures.

Time frame: Youth report, at start of 2 hour session

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

Higher Order Measure From the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire. Potential Covariate 3pt scale (0,1,2), high scores indicate externalizing

Time frame: Parent report of child's general experience, collected over 30 minutes

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

The Granger score (ordinal, modeled continuously) is a score based on work by Doug Granger of medications that can affect activity of the HPA axis, weighted by significance of potential impact (Granger, Hibel, Fortunato, & Kapelewski, 2009). Each medication taken is given a score of 0, 1, or 2, and all medication scores for a participant is summed, resulting in scores from 0 to infinity. Lower scores are less likely to influence cortisol. Potential Covariate

Time frame: Youth report at the beginning of the 2 hour session

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

Higher Order Measure From the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire. Potential Covariate 3pt scale (0,1,2), high scores indicate Internalizing

Time frame: Parent report of child's general experience, collected over 30 minutes

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

Parents report education level for both parents on a 6-point ordinal scale: (1) Less than high school degree, (2) High school or GED, (3) Associate degree, college academia program, (4) Bachelor's degree, (5) Master's degree, (6) Professional and/or Doctorate degree. Average of parents' education is calculated and reported.

Time frame: Parent report, collected over 30 minutes

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

Scale on the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire, Potential Covariate, 5pt Scale (1-5), High Scores Indicate Peer Acceptance

Time frame: Parent report of child's general experience, collected over 30 minutes

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

Parents report on gross family income on an 11-point ordinal scale: (1) Less than $15,000, (2) $15,001 to $25,000, (3) $25,001 to $35,000, (4) $35,001 to $50,000, (5) $50,001 to $75,000, (6) $75,001 to $100,000, (7) $100,001 to $125,000, (8) $125,001 to $150,000, (9) $150,001 to $175,000, (10) $175,001 to 200,000, (11) $200,001 or more.

Time frame: Parent report, collected over 30 minutes

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI) reported by youth for their close friend on how much they experience various emotions or incidents (e.g. How much free time do you spend with this person?), reported on a 5-point scale: (1) Little or None, (2) Somewhat, (3) Very Much, (4) Extremely Much, (5) The Most. Mean scores calculated from all positive attachment items, ranging 1-5. Potential Covariate.

Time frame: Youth reported, collected over course of 30 minutes

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

Network of Relationships Inventory (NRI) reported by youth for their primary parent on how much they experience various emotions or incidents (e.g. How much free time do you spend with this person?), reported on a 5-point scale: (1) Little or None, (2) Somewhat, (3) Very Much, (4) Extremely Much, (5) The Most. Mean scores calculated from all positive attachment items, range 1-5. Potential Covariate.

Time frame: Youth report, collected over course of 30 minutes

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

Self-report of stress using a Likert-type scale with 5 levels of stress felt: (1) Not At All, (2) A Little, (3) Some, (4) A Lot, (5) A Whole Lot. Level of stress was reported for 4 points during the assessment: (1) How stressed did you feel when you first arrived at the University and we were walking into the building, (2) How stressful was the period of time when you were preparing your speech and thinking about what to say?, (3) How stressful was giving the speech?, (4) How stressful was the math with judges?. Mean Stress reactivity was calculated as the mean of (2, 3, 4) minus the value at arrival (1).

Time frame: 2 hours

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.

Participants self-report the clock time that they woke up on the day of the assessment, and the clock time when the imaging test was done. The difference between these times was calculated and reported in hours. This is only a potential covariate for cortisol, which follows a circadian rhythm.

Time frame: reported at the beginning of the 2 hour session

Population: 188 participants were completed, with 67 Alone, 65 Parent, and 56 Experimenter. For each outcomes, all available analyzable data were included in results, sometimes resulting in lower n.