Type2 Diabetes
Conditions
Keywords
Diabetes Empowerment Education Program (DEEP), social network analysis, Integrated Behavioral Model (IBM), rural, community, Appalachia
Brief summary
The objective of this study is to recruit influential community members using Snowball Sampling Methods. Community members identified through social network analysis as influential and well-connected will be trained as community health workers (CHW) using the Diabetes Empowerment Education Program (DEEP). These CHW will be used in a future trial to educate other members of the community.
Detailed description
The proposed research employs the Integrated Behavior Model (IBM) to address fundamental drivers of behavior for older rural-dwelling adults with type-two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the context of their social network. Social network analysis (SNA) is characterized as the examination and interpretation of relational connections. This approach can be used to map social networks and understand relationships between individuals as it pertains to social support. Snowball recruitment methods will be used to recruit participants in this study. In Aim 1, individuals who are connected to several individuals within their community and have the capacity to influence norms that hinder T2DM self-care will be identified. Ten individuals who have received medical care from the Center of Excellence in Rural Health (CERH) within the past 12 months will be identified. Initial recruitment will be conducted by a community liaison in Leslie County. This core group of 10 seeds will be used to conduct the first wave of interviews. Since the aim of social network analysis is to understand a community by mapping the relationships that connect them as a network, each seed will be asked to identify 3 persons believed to be influential in their community. Those who are identified in wave 1 will also be asked to identify 3 people each from their community who are also respected as leaders and can be trusted to provide health-related information to community members. This process will continue for 4 waves of recruitment (N˜200). Participants will be asked to provide demographic information including age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, employment status, contact information (address, telephone number, email). An interview guide will be adapted from a previously published intervention assessing social networks and health behavior informed by preliminary data and the expert opinion of my team of mentors and collaborators. The interviews will begin with two broad general questions asking who is included in their social network and how members of the social network provide social support; using open-ended questions to elicit maximal information with minimal bias. Interview questions will explore the following domains: size and structure of social network; resources available through social network; beliefs of those in social network regarding general healthy behavior; knowledge of available healthy lifestyle choices; and perceived acceptable healthy behaviors (social norms). Data will be collected from CHWs pre- and post-training to assess the following: T2DM knowledge: Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) a 24-item survey that has a reliability coefficient of 0.78 and showed sensitivity to a T2DM knowledge intervention. Health literacy: Newest Vital Sign (NVS) is a 6-item survey to assess health literacy comprehension and numeracy. Means and paired t-tests will be conducted to determine if health literacy and T2DM knowledge improved in each CHW during the DEEP training.
Interventions
Individuals identified as Community Health Workers will participate in the Diabetes Empowerment Education Program (DEEP™). DEEP, is an education curriculum designed to help people with pre-diabetes, diabetes, relatives and caregivers gain a better understanding of diabetes self-care. Classes last a total of six weeks, providing participants with eight unique learning modules. Health literacy will be assessed before and after participating in DEEP.
Sponsors
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Brittany L Smalls
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 99 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* residents of Leslie County, Kentucky * speak and understand English
Exclusion criteria
* under 18 years of age * unable to speak and understand English * unable to consent
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Diabetes Knowledge | 6 weeks | The change in participants' knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) will be assessed using the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) pre- and post-training with the DEEP program. The DKQ is a 24-item survey assessing diabetes knowledge. Scores range from 0-24; higher scores indicate increased knowledge of diabetes. |
| Change in Health Literacy | 6 weeks | Change in health literacy pre- and post-education with the DEEP program will be assessed using the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) survey tool. NVS assesses health literacy based on participant interpretation of food labels. Scores range from 0-6. Lower scores indicate a high likelihood of limited literacy while higher scores indicate adequate literacy. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Due to covid, the study was paused by the institutions for 18 months. In order to get back on track with the intervention, we could not identify and train community health workers to participate in the study based on the data collected for social network analysis. Alternatively, the research coordinator administered the intervention. There were no community health works.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Rural-Dwelling Community Members/Residents Rural-dwelling adults will be interviewed to map their social network structure, determine the types of social support provided by members of their social network, and identify key players within these networks. A subset of participants (\
4) will be identified as Community Health Workers and will receive training with the Diabetes Empowerment Education Program (DEEP).
Diabetes Empowerment Education Program: Individuals identified as Community Health Workers will participate in the Diabetes Empowerment Education Program (DEEP™). DEEP, is an education curriculum designed to help people with pre-diabetes, diabetes, relatives and caregivers gain a better understanding of diabetes self-care. Classes last a total of six weeks, providing participants with eight unique learning modules. Health literacy will be assessed before and after participating in DEEP. | 91 |
| Total | 91 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Rural-Dwelling Community Members/Residents |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 45.54 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.81 |
| Difficulty understanding or speaking English Always | 1 Participants |
| Difficulty understanding or speaking English Don't Know | 1 Participants |
| Difficulty understanding or speaking English Never | 86 Participants |
| Difficulty understanding or speaking English Often | 0 Participants |
| Difficulty understanding or speaking English Rarely | 1 Participants |
| Difficulty understanding or speaking English Sometimes | 2 Participants |
| Education Bachelor Degree | 13 Participants |
| Education Diploma or Advanced Diploma | 17 Participants |
| Education Graduate certificate/diploma | 2 Participants |
| Education Master's Degree | 4 Participants |
| Education None of the above | 14 Participants |
| Education Year 12 or equivalent | 41 Participants |
| Employment Status Employed Full-time | 35 Participants |
| Employment Status Employed Part-time | 10 Participants |
| Employment Status Retired | 7 Participants |
| Employment Status Unable to work/Disabled | 17 Participants |
| Employment Status Unemployed | 22 Participants |
| Insurance Medicaid | 29 Participants |
| Insurance Medicare | 16 Participants |
| Insurance Military Care | 1 Participants |
| Insurance None | 3 Participants |
| Insurance Other Insurance | 15 Participants |
| Insurance Private | 27 Participants |
| Marital Status Married | 23 Participants |
| Marital Status Never Married | 30 Participants |
| Marital Status Separated/Divorced | 29 Participants |
| Marital Status Widowed | 8 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 91 Participants |
| Reading or writing English Always | 1 Participants |
| Reading or writing English Don't know | 1 Participants |
| Reading or writing English Never | 78 Participants |
| Reading or writing English Often | 1 Participants |
| Reading or writing English Rarely | 5 Participants |
| Reading or writing English Sometimes | 5 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 91 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 60 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 30 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 91 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 91 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 91 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Diabetes Knowledge
The change in participants' knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) will be assessed using the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) pre- and post-training with the DEEP program. The DKQ is a 24-item survey assessing diabetes knowledge. Scores range from 0-24; higher scores indicate increased knowledge of diabetes.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Population: Data not collected for this outcome
Primary
Change in Health Literacy
Change in health literacy pre- and post-education with the DEEP program will be assessed using the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) survey tool. NVS assesses health literacy based on participant interpretation of food labels. Scores range from 0-6. Lower scores indicate a high likelihood of limited literacy while higher scores indicate adequate literacy.
Time frame: 6 weeks
Population: Data not collected for this outcome