Vitamin D Deficiency
Conditions
Keywords
Vitamin D, Pork, Chicken, Bioavailability, 25 hydroxyvitamin D, Adults, RCT, Crossover
Brief summary
The importance of achieving an adequate vitamin D status is widely recognised, with public health and research communities heightening their interest over recent years. Whilst vitamin D can be synthesised following skin exposure to UV light, due to public health concerns regarding sun safety, and modern indoor lifestyles, it has become evident that endogenous synthesis may not be an effective means of maintaining an adequate vitamin D status across the year. Given the marked variation in seasonally-induced cutaneous synthesis, habitually low dietary vitamin D intakes of 2-4µg/day typically reported within nationally represented population surveys, and the generally low uptake of supplementation at the population level, it is warranted to identify alternative food-based strategies to yield greater adherence to the 10µg DRV, particularly during winter months where sunlight exposure is negligible. Commodity-based biofortification may provide an innovative and viable additional food-based approach to suboptimal vitamin D status, in combination with safe sun exposure, inclusion of natural and fortified dietary sources and/or supplementation. Meat naturally contains vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3, yet by manipulating feeding regimes and/ or housing environments, it is possible to improve the concentration of both metabolites in animal products. Eggs, beef and pork provide viable opportunities for the enhancement of vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 which contribute to an increase in total vitamin D activity (vitamin D3 + \[25(OH)D3 x 5\]), and therefore would be expected to positively impact vitamin D status. Albeit whilst much biofortification research has been established, less is known regarding its effectiveness at raising circulating serum 25(OH)D concentrations amongst apparently healthy adults, with the exception of some plant-based foods. Therefore, an opportunity exists to understand the bioavailability of vitamin D-enriched pork and vitamin D-enriched chicken to increase 25(OH)D concentration.
Interventions
OTHERPork arm
The effect of 1 portion of vitamin D-enriched pork on 25(OH)D concentration in comparison to a vitamin D supplement and control pork.
OTHERChicken arm
The effect of 1 portion of vitamin D-enriched chicken on 25(OH)D concentration in comparison to control chicken.
Sponsors
Devenish Nutrition, Lagan House, 19 Clarendon Road, Belfast, BT1 3BG
Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute
University of Ulster
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* · Free-living, apparently healthy Caucasian adults * Aged 18-65 years at Recruitment * Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥18.5 and \<25kg/m2 * If consuming vitamin D supplements, willing to discontinue 4 weeks prior and for duration of study * Non-smokers
Exclusion criteria
* · Non-Caucasian adults * Adults \<18 or \>65 years at recruitment * Taking vitamin D supplement and not willing to discontinue vitamin D supplementation for 4 weeks prior to and for duration of study * Current smokers * Pregnant/lactating females * Use of tanning facilities or winter vacation planned during the intervention period to a location expected to increase cutaneous synthesis * Severe medical illness * Medications which interfere with vitamin D metabolism e.g. steroid medications (e.g. prednisone), weight loss drug orlistat (e.g. Xenical and Alli), cholesterol-lowering drug cholestyramine (e.g. Questran, LoCholest and Prevalite), seizure drugs Phenobarbital and Dilantin, anti-tuberculosis, statins or thiazide diuretics * Intestinal malabsorption syndrome * Excessive alcohol use (\>14 units/ week)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in vitamin D concentration | Change over 24 hours (baseline (0 hr), 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 24-hour) | Vitamin D3, vitamin D2, 25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D2) (nmol/L) in serum/plasma |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Calcium serum concentrations | Monitored over 24 hours (baseline (0 hr), 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 24-hour) | Adjusted calcium |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration | Change over 24 hours (baseline (0 hr), 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 24-hour) | Plasma levels |
Countries
United Kingdom
Outcome results
None listed