Doping in Sport, Performance Enhancing Product Use
Conditions
Keywords
Student athletes, Supplements, Videogame
Brief summary
The purpose of this research is to test the effectiveness of an interactive doping education videogame among student athletes. Specifically, the game will teach athletes aged 13-16 years about the risks of doping and will foster the values, motivation, and behavioural skills needed to avoid temptation and pressure to dope. The investigators hypothesize that student athletes who play the intervention game will have lower use of banned substances and sport supplements, greater intentions to stay clean, and will also show improvements in the cognitive and motivational antecedents to doping when compared to a control condition.
Detailed description
284 student athletes will be enrolled in this two-arm quasi-experimental study. The participants will be boys and girls, aged 13 to 16 years who compete in any sport. Participants will be recruited and enrolled through partnerships with their school physical education and/or sport programs. Participants will complete baseline questionnaires assessing demographics, history of sport participation, and psychological variables related to doping prevention including knowledge, doping self-regulatory efficacy, motivation, attitudes, intentions, perceived norms, doping refusal, substance use behaviours, and doping related protective behaviours (e.g., checking the list of ingredients on medications). Participants will then be assigned to either an intervention group (n = 142; the doping videogame the investigators are developing) or a comparison group (n = 142). The comparison group will be given printed educational materials about doping education, developed by an accredited source (e.g., UNESCO). Assignment to the intervention or comparison group will be conducted at the level of the school to reduce the potential for contamination that could occur if intervention and comparison students were interacting in their school environment and sharing information they learned from the game. Participants from the intervention group will play five, 60-minute sessions over the course of one month (5 hours of total gameplay). Before the gameplay sessions begin, the Project Director and research assistants will orient the intervention group participants to the use of the intervention videogame. Players will be given a tutorial on an iPad demonstrating the mechanics of the game and how to use the iPad. Each player will have their own dedicated iPad that they will use during each game play session (this will be provided by the research team). Shortly after the last gameplay session is completed, participants from both groups will be asked to complete a questionnaire assessing the same psychological variables assessed at baseline as well as their gameplay experience. The psychological variables will also be assessed at three, six, and 12 month follow-ups.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALVideogame
True Champion is an educational, values-based game that aims to empower young athletes to make informed decisions to avoid doping. Participants engaging in the videogame sessions will encounter a series of thought-provoking situations and knowledge tests. Players will help their assigned character navigate through these curriculum-rich scenarios in order to reach their performance goals in a healthy and ethical way.
BEHAVIORALControl
Participants will be given an anti-doping booklet prepared by UNESCO. This booklet is considered standard educational material, i.e. what might be presented to young athletes as part of their regular sports curriculum.
Sponsors
International Olympic Committee
World Anti-Doping Agency
Phantom Compass
Digitalmill, Inc.
McGill University
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
We aim to enroll 284 male and female student-athletes between the ages of 13 and 16. Participants will be assigned to either an intervention group (n = 142) or a comparison group (n = 142).
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
13 Years to 16 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Subject competes in a competitive sport at the high school level or higher * Able to read and understand English
Exclusion criteria
* None
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Intentions to use banned substances and sport supplements | 12 months | Self-reported intentions of using banned substances or supplements for performance enhancement or recovery in sport. This outcome will be measured using a self-reported questionnaire. Scale: Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods Use Minimum value: 1 - extremely unlikely (better outcome) Maximum value: 7 - extremely likely (worse outcome) |
| Use of banned substances | 12 months | Self-reported use of banned substances for performance enhancement or recovery in sport. This outcome will be measured using a self-reported questionnaire. Scale: Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods Use Minimum value: 1 - extremely unlikely (better outcome) Maximum value: 7 - extremely likely (worse outcome) |
| Use of sport supplements | 12 months | Self-reported use of supplements for performance enhancement or recovery in sport. This outcome will be measured using a self-reported questionnaire. Scale: Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods Use Minimum value: 1 - extremely unlikely (better outcome) Maximum value: 7 - extremely likely (worse outcome) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Attitudes | 12 months | Attitudes towards doping in sport. This outcome will be measured using a subscale from a validated questionnaire. Scale: The Adolescent Sport Doping Inventory Minimum value: 1 - strongly disagree (worse outcome) Maximum value: 7 - strongly agree (better outcome) Note: some items are reverse-scored |
| Anti-doping protective behaviours | 12 months | Self-reported engagement in behaviours linked to doping abstinence. Scale: Microbehaviours Minimum value: 1 - never (worse outcome) Maximum value: 7 - always (better outcome) |
| Knowledge | 12 months | Knowledge of anti-doping rules, definitions and consequences of doping. This outcome will be assessed using a True/False questionnaire. |
| Gameplay experience | 1 month | Enjoyment and acceptability of the True Champion videogame among players assigned to the intervention condition. This outcome will be assessed using a questionnaire we have created. Answers will range from strongly disagree to strongly agree. |
| Doping refusal | 12 months | Self-report of having refused a supplement or performance-enhancing substance. This outcome will be assessed using a Yes (worse outcome) or No (better outcome) questionnaire. |
| Doping Self-Regulatory Efficacy | 12 months | Self-efficacy for refusing doping under a variety of pressure situations. This outcome will be measured using a validated questionnaire. Scale: Doping Self-Regulatory Efficacy Minimum value: 1 - no confidence (better outcome) Maximum value: 5 - complete confidence (worse outcome) |
| Motivation | 12 months | Motivations for abstaining from doping. This outcome will be measured using an adaptation of a validated questionnaire. Scale: Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire for the Avoidance of Doping in Sport Minimum value: 1 - not true at all (worse outcome) Maximum value: 7 - very true (better outcome) |
Contacts
Primary ContactLindsay R Duncan, PhD
Backup ContactEvelyne Bedard, MSc
Outcome results
None listed