Effects of Intraoperative Magnesium Sulfate on Perioperative Pain Relief After Spine Surgery

Analgesia, Pain, Postoperative, Spine Disease

magnesium, analgesia, pain score, opioid consumption, spine surgery

The treatment of postoperative pain is increasingly based on a multimodal approach and although opioids remain the drug of choice, they are often used in combination with other analgesics (paracetamol, cyclooxygenase inhibitors or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and co-analgesic agents (clonidine and anti- NMDA such as ketamine or MgSO4). The rationale for combined analgesia is to achieve additive or synergistic analgesic properties while decreasing the incidence of side effects by reducing the dose of each agent. Nociceptive stimuli are known to activate the release of the excitatory amino acid glutamate in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The resultant activation of NMDA receptors causes calcium entry into the cell and triggers central sensitisation. This mechanism is involved in the perception of pain and mainly accounts for its persistence during the postoperative period. Although magnesium is not a primary analgesic in itself, it enhances the analgesic actions of more established analgesics as an adjuvant agent. Magnesium produces a voltage-dependent block of NMDA receptors and has been reported to have analgesic properties that might be related to this inhibiting property. Magnesium sulfate has been reported to be effective in perioperative pain treatment and in blunting somatic, autonomic and endocrine reflexes provoked by noxious stimuli. When magnesium was used intraoperatively, many researchers reported that it reduced the requirement for anesthetics and/or muscle relaxants. Intraoperative use of magnesium sulfate can also be associated with decreased incidences of nausea and vomiting after surgery, which could have been due to the lower consumption of anesthetics (i.e. volatile agents), rather than any antiemetic effect of magnesium sulfate. In addition, perioperative i.v. administration of magnesium sulfate has another advantageous effect, as it decreases the incidence of shivering by up to 70-90%. Previous studies investigating the analgesic efficacy of MgSO4 in general, gynaecological, ophthalmic and orthopaedic surgery have shown conflicting results, while reports regarding spine surgery are extremely limited. Our study was designed to investigate the effects of MgSO4 on perioperative pain relief and postoperative quality of recovery after lumbar laminectomy surgery.

Each participant will receive standard monitoring (ECG, SpO2, capnography, SBP, oesophageal temperature, accelerography) and an intravenous access will be established. The level of anaesthesia will be monitored with the bispectral index (BIS), targeting to a BIS level 40-50. Group M patients will receive intravenous magnesium sulfate 20 mg/kg over a 15-min period before induction of anaesthesia and 20 mg/kg/h by continuous i.v. infusion during the operation. Group C will be given isotonic solution of 0.9% in the same volume as the study drug. A standard anesthesia protocol will be applied involving propofol 2mg/kg (iv) and fendanyl 2 μg/kg (iv). Cis-atracurium 0.2 mg/kg (iv) will be given to facilitate endotracheal intubation. Anaesthesia will be maintained with air 50% and oxygen 50%, and desflurane adjusted to achieve a target BIS between 40 and 50. Remifentanil will be added to the anesthesia regimen as needed. Hemodynamic parameters will be recorded upon * Baseline: Before the administration of the tested drug * T5: 5 minutes after the administration of the tested drug * T10: 10 minutes after the administration of the tested drug * T15: 15 minutes after the administration of the tested drug * Ts: surgical incision * T30: 30 minutes after the administration of the tested drug * T45: 45 minutes after the administration of the tested drug * T60: 60 minutes after the administration of the tested drug * T90: 90 minutes after the administration of the tested drug * T120: 120 minutes after the administration of the tested drug * T180: 180 minutes after the administration of the tested drug Low arterial blood pressure during surgery defined as a mean blood pressure value \< 50 mmHg will be treated by a bolus of 5 mg ephedrine administered intravenously or phenylephirne civ for persistent hypotension. Also, time to accelerography recording indicating the appropriateness of neuromuscular block for intubation, mean expired desflurane concentration (from 30 min after skin incision to the end of surgery), boluses of ephedrine and total intraoperative remifentanil consumption will be recorded. Postoperative analgesic protocol will involve paracetamol 1 mg (iv), lornoxicam 8mg (iv) and morphine 3 mg (upon request). Postoperatively pain assessment will be performed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) at emergence from anesthesia and 2, 4, 6, and 24 h in the study period. Time to first analgesic request and total analgesics consumption postoperatively (morphine equivalents) will be recorded. Episodes of shivering, as well as episodes of nausea and vomiting (PONV), will be recorded at emergence and thereafter, throughout the study period. Finally, patients' global satisfaction will be assessed the first day after surgery using a 5-grade scale (1= worst discomfort ever experienced in their life and 5= totally satisfied during the immediate postoperative period).

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