Hypohydrated, Euhydrated
Conditions
Brief summary
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is common in prolonged endurance events. Risk factors for exercise-associated AKI include: the exercise itself, heat, hypohydration, muscle breakdown and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Prior research from our laboratory showed the hypohydration during high-intensity running increased a biomarker of AKI (urine osmolality-corrected kidney injury molecule 1). Therefore, the current study will now investigate the effect of manipulating hydration status during cycling on biomarkers of AKI.
Interventions
OTHERWater intake
Water intake will be manipulated in both arms to create a hypohydrated state and a euhydrated state, post-exercise
Sponsors
Loughborough University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
18 Years to 50 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Healthy * recreationally active
Exclusion criteria
* Smoker/vaper * regular use of anti-inflammatory medications (e.g. ibuprofen) * history of kidney disease or diabetes
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in urinary Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (uKIM-1) (uncorrected/raw values and urine osmolality-corrected values) | Pre-exercise (baseline), post-exercise (immediately after the intervention), 24 hours post-baseline | A novel protein biomarker for acute kidney injury |
| Changes in urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) (uncorrected/raw values and urine osmolality-corrected values) | Pre-exercise (baseline), post-exercise (immediately after the intervention), 24 hours post-baseline | A novel protein biomarker for acute kidney injury |
| Changes in urine osmolality | Pre-exercise (baseline) and post-exercise (immediately after the intervention), as well as all urine produced from post-exercise until 24 hours post-baseline | A measure of urine concentration. |
| Changes in serum creatinine | Pre-exercise (baseline), post-exercise (immediately post-exercise), 24 hours post-baseline | Serum creatinine is a marker of kidney function |
| Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (as determined by changes in serum creatinine) | Pre-exercise (baseline), post-exercise (immediately post-exercise), 24 hours post-baseline | A rise in serum creatinine of 1.5 fold or more from baseline will be defined as acute kidney injury |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Ad libitum energy (Kj), carbohydrate (g), sugar (g), protein (g), fat (g), saturated fat (g), sodium (g) and water intake (g). | from post-exercise (immediately after the intervention) until 24 hours post-baseline | Participants will complete a weighed food and fluid diary, using a set of food scales and a diary, to record all food and fluid that they ingest. This data will then be analysed using dietary analysis software (e.g. Nutritics) |
| Changes in headache scores | pre-exercise (baseline), every 30 minutes during exercise (30, 60,90 and 120 minutes), post-exercise (immediately after the intervention) and 24 hours post-baseline | Participants will be asked to rate their headache on a scale of 0-10, with higher scores meaning a worse outcome . |
| Changes in nausea scores | pre-exercise (baseline), every 30 minutes during exercise (30, 60,90 and 120 minutes), post-exercise (immediately after the intervention) and 24 hours post-baseline | Participants will be asked to rate their nausea on a scale of 0-10, with higher scores meaning a worse outcome . |
| Changes in dizziness scores | pre-exercise (baseline), every 30 minutes during exercise (30, 60,90 and 120 minutes), post-exercise (immediately after the intervention) and 24 hours post-baseline | Participants will be asked to rate their dizziness on a scale of 0-10, with higher scores meaning a worse outcome . |
| Changes in thirst scores | pre-exercise (baseline), every 30 minutes during exercise (30, 60,90 and 120 minutes), post-exercise (immediately after the intervention) and 24 hours post-baseline | Participants will be asked to rate their thirst on a scale of 0-10, with higher scores meaning a worse outcome . |
| Changes in thermal comfort scores | pre-exercise (baseline), every 30 minutes during exercise (30, 60,90 and 120 minutes), post-exercise (immediately after the intervention) and 24 hours post-baseline | Participants will be asked to rate their thermal comfort on a scale of -10 to 10, with -10 being cold impossible to bear and 10 being heat impossible to bear |
| Changes in gastrointestinal comfort scores | pre-exercise (baseline), every 30 minutes during exercise (30, 60,90 and 120 minutes), post-exercise (immediately after the intervention) and 24 hours post-baseline | Participants will be asked to rate their gastrointestinal comfort on a scale of 0-10, with higher scores meaning a worse outcome . |
| Plasma volume changes | Pre-exercise (baseline), post-exercise (immediately after the intervention), 24 hours post-baseline | — |
| Changes in stomach bloatedness scores | pre-exercise (baseline), every 30 minutes during exercise (30, 60,90 and 120 minutes), post-exercise (immediately after the intervention) and 24 hours post-baseline | Participants will be asked to rate their stomach bloatedness on a scale of 0-10, with higher scores meaning a worse outcome . |
| Changes in urge to vomit scores | pre-exercise (baseline), every 30 minutes during exercise (30, 60,90 and 120 minutes), post-exercise (immediately after the intervention) and 24 hours post-baseline | Participants will be asked to rate their urge to vomit on a scale of 0-10, with higher scores meaning a worse outcome . |
| Changes in urinary creatinine | pre-exercise (baseline), post-exercise (immediately after the intervention) and 24 hours post-baseline | — |
| Changes in heart rate | Will be monitored throughout the exercise intervention, at 15 minute intervals (15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, 75 minutes, 90 minutes, 105 minutes and 120 minutes) | Provides insight into exercise intensity |
| changes in rating of perceived exertion | Will be monitored throughout the exercise intervention, at 30 minute intervals (30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes) | Provides insight into exercise intensity |
| Changes in aural temperature | Will be determined immediately prior to the exercise intervention (at rest) and then throughout the exercise intervention at 15 minute intervals (15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, 75 minutes, 90 minutes, 105 minutes and 120 minutes) | in-ear temperature |
| Changes in stomach fullness scores | pre-exercise (baseline), every 30 minutes during exercise (30, 60,90 and 120 minutes), post-exercise (immediately after the intervention) and 24 hours post-baseline | Participants will be asked to rate their stomach fullness on a scale of 0-10, with higher scores meaning a worse outcome . |
| Changes in serum osmolality | Pre-exercise (baseline), post-exercise (immediately after the intervention), 24 hours post-baseline | The gold standard marker of hydration status |
| Body mass changes | pre-exercise (baseline), throughout exercise, post-exercise (immediately after the intervention), 24 hours post-baseline | — |
| Changes in creatine kinase | Pre-exercise (baseline), post-exercise (immediately after the intervention), 24 hours post-baseline | A marker of muscle damage |
| Changes in lactate dehydrogenase | Pre-exercise (baseline), post-exercise (immediately after the intervention), 24 hours post-baseline | A marker of muscle damage |
Countries
United Kingdom
Outcome results
None listed