Muscle Atrophy
Conditions
Keywords
Massage, Muscle, Extracellular Vesicles, Atrophy
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to determine whether massage can attenuate the loss of muscle mass in humans after a short period of disuse.
Detailed description
The loss of skeletal muscle mass is a common symptom associated with diseases such as cancer, AIDS, diabetes, and congestive heart failure, and with aging. Muscle atrophy is associated with poor disease prognosis and decreased quality of life and therefore, maintaining muscle size and reducing the loss of muscle during disuse atrophy is of vital significance. Mechanical stimulation of muscle, such as during resistance exercise, stimulates protein synthesis that increases muscle protein content, and muscle size. The investigators have shown that mechanical stimulation applied to skeletal muscle in the form of massage is an effective mechanotherapy in rats, since it leads to a shift in protein turnover favoring anabolism, attenuation of muscle loss and enhanced regrowth after disuse-induced atrophy. Whether the same positive effect of massage occurs in humans is currently unknown, but would be extremely beneficial for skeletal muscle and overall health in case where resistance exercise is contraindicated or not feasible. In addition to the direct anabolic effects on the massaged rat muscle, the investigators have shown an equally beneficial response on the homologous muscle in the contralateral non-massaged limb. This novel finding indicated the existence of indirect mechanisms that could have profound systemic effects beyond the massaged muscle. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane-bound vesicles released from cells with the ability to modulate function of cells from which they are released, as well as in cells with which they fuse. As such EVs are likely mediators of the well-documented but poorly-understood effects of massage in humans on the brain and other organs, such as relief of pain, anxiety or depression or changes in immunity. Therefore, the goal of this proposal is to determine anabolic effects of massage in human muscle, and to identify whether EVs released with massage are candidates for beneficial effects of this mechanotherapy on muscle as well as other organs. In Aim 1 the investigators will address the following hypothesis: Massage acts as a mechanotherapy by attenuating muscle atrophy through a shift in protein biogenesis towards anabolism in humans. Using a novel massage device we will apply mechanical load to muscle undergoing atrophy through unilateral lower limb suspension and muscle size as well as protein synthesis and degradation will be determined. In Aim 2 the investigators will test the hypothesis that massage attenuates the loss of EVs during atrophy by enhancing EV biogenesis in muscle. The investigators will measure EVs and their miRNA cargo in the serum, and markers of EV biogenesis in muscle of human subjects from Aim 1. Results from this study will indicate not only whether mechanotherapy, such as massage, can attenuate atrophy and enhance anabolic processes during disuse, but also determine whether EVs are a candidate mechanism for the overall health benefits of massage.
Interventions
OTHERMassage
A custom-made cyclic compressive loading (CCL) device will be used to apply a mechanical load to the left thigh of the participants. Massage application using a 35 Newton load will be applied for 15 minutes every other day over the course of 7 days for a total of four massages.
Sponsors
University of Oklahoma
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)
Esther Dupont-Versteegden
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
Primary outcome assessors are blinded to treatment.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Men and women 18-30 years of age. * All races and ethnic backgrounds. * Non-smoker and generally healthy.
Exclusion criteria
* Have a current lower extremity musculoskeletal injury or compromised musculoskeletal function that would not allow the safe use of crutches or a brace. * Previous lower extremity surgeries or injury. * Activities of daily living require long periods of standing or driving a manual transmission car. * Body mass index (BMI) under 27. * Evidence or signs and symptoms of metabolic syndrome or disorder (diagnosis of diabetes or insulin resistance, elevated BP, high fasting blood sugar, abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels). * Thyroid disorder. * Acute or chronic infections. * Use of systemic steroids, anabolic steroids, or growth hormone. * Chronic aspirin or NSAID use (unless it can be safely stopped prior to the biopsies), and any other use of an anticoagulant (e.g., Coumadin) or history of bleeding including history of hypo- or hyper-coagulation disorders. * Lidocaine allergy (1% lidocaine is the local anesthetic used during the muscle biopsy procedure). * Any other condition or events considered exclusionary by the PI and/or physician, such as non-compliance. * Pregnancy.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percent Change in Myofiber Cross Sectional Area (CSA). | 9 days | The ability of massage to attenuate the atrophic response to disuse will be determined. Muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis will be used to quantify myofiber cross-sectional area. The percent change in myofiber size between day 7 and day -2 was used. Calculation details: \[(day 7 CSA) - (day -2 CSA)/(day -2 CSA)\]\*100 |
| Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rate (MyoKsyn). | 9 days | The ability of massage to attenuate the atrophic response to disuse due to protein synthesis will be determined. Muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis will be used to quantify protein synthesis rates. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percent Change in Serum Extracellular Vesicle Number (EV #). | 9 days | The ability of massage to attenuate the loss in EV number will be determined. Serum will be used to quantify EV numbers. The percent change in EVs between day 7 and day -2 was used. |
| Percent Change in the Expression of Muscle Rab27b mRNA. | 9 days | The ability of massage to attenuate the loss in Rab27b protein expression will be determined. Muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis will be used to quantify muscle Rab27b expression. The percent change in muscle Rab27b expression between day 7 and day -2 was used. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Subjects were actively recruited from the University of Kentucky campus as well as from the surrounding Lexington community through local advertisement using IRB approved recruitment flyers or newspaper advertisement. Recruitment occurred between August of 2020 and May 2023. The COVID pandemic shut down research activities at the University of Kentucky for some time impacting recruitment. Thus, the PI decided to focus on randomization of immobilized groups
Pre-assignment details
Consent, inclusion/exclusion criteria checklist, participant characteristics such as height and weight, and pregnancy testing were conducted prior to randomization.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Ambulatory Control Following baseline assessments, participants will be randomized into the ambulatory group for the remainder of the study. Atrophy will not be induced and massage intervention will not be applied. Ambulatory groups will be recruited following the immobilized groups. | 9 |
| Ambulatory Massage Following baseline assessments, participants will be randomized into the ambulatory group for the remainder of the study. No atrophy induction. Four massage treatments will be applied every other day until the end of the study. Ambulatory groups will be recruited following the immobilized groups.
Massage: A custom-made cyclic compressive loading (CCL) device will be used to apply a mechanical load to the left thigh of the participants. Massage application using a 35 Newton load will be applied for 15 minutes every other day over the course of 7 days for a total of four massages. | 0 |
| Immobilization Control Following baseline assessments, participants will be randomized into the unilateral lower limb suspension group undergoing atrophy for the remainder of the study. Massage intervention will not be applied. | 16 |
| Immobilization Massage Following baseline assessments, participants will be randomized into the unilateral lower limb suspension group undergoing atrophy for the remainder of the study. Four massage treatments will be applied every other day until the end of the study.
Massage: A custom-made cyclic compressive loading (CCL) device will be used to apply a mechanical load to the left thigh of the participants. Massage application using a 35 Newton load will be applied for 15 minutes every other day over the course of 7 days for a total of four massages. | 16 |
| Total | 41 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | COVID related | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Overall Study | PI withdrawal, subject could not follow study schedule | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Immobilization Massage | Total | Ambulatory Control | Immobilization Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 16 Participants | 41 Participants | 9 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 22.07 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.77 | 22.46 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.66 | 22.83 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.31 | 22.64 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.93 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 3 Participants | 5 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 13 Participants | 36 Participants | 8 Participants | 15 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 2 Participants | 3 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 14 Participants | 37 Participants | 8 Participants | 15 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 16 participants | 41 participants | 9 participants | 16 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 12 Participants | 28 Participants | 4 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 4 Participants | 13 Participants | 5 Participants | 4 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 9 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 16 | 0 / 16 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 9 | 0 / 0 | 4 / 16 | 5 / 16 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 9 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 16 | 0 / 16 |
Outcome results
Primary
Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rate (MyoKsyn).
The ability of massage to attenuate the atrophic response to disuse due to protein synthesis will be determined. Muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis will be used to quantify protein synthesis rates.
Time frame: 9 days
Population: Participants were not randomized to the ambulatory massage group. For the immobilization control group, one biopsy specimen could not be accurately analyzed due to tissue quality.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ambulatory Control | Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rate (MyoKsyn). | 1.19 percentage of protein produced per day | Standard Deviation 0.25 |
| Immobilization Control | Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rate (MyoKsyn). | 1.04 percentage of protein produced per day | Standard Deviation 0.31 |
| Immobilization Massage | Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rate (MyoKsyn). | 1.07 percentage of protein produced per day | Standard Deviation 0.29 |
Primary
Percent Change in Myofiber Cross Sectional Area (CSA).
The ability of massage to attenuate the atrophic response to disuse will be determined. Muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis will be used to quantify myofiber cross-sectional area. The percent change in myofiber size between day 7 and day -2 was used. Calculation details: \[(day 7 CSA) - (day -2 CSA)/(day -2 CSA)\]\*100
Time frame: 9 days
Population: Only one biopsy post 9 days was taken in the ambulatory groups only and thus % change could not be calculated. For the immobilization control group, one biopsy specimen could not be accurately analyzed due to tissue quality.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Immobilization Control | Percent Change in Myofiber Cross Sectional Area (CSA). | -15.1 percent change from baseline | Standard Deviation 5.1 |
| Immobilization Massage | Percent Change in Myofiber Cross Sectional Area (CSA). | -13.4 percent change from baseline | Standard Deviation 3 |
Secondary
Percent Change in Serum Extracellular Vesicle Number (EV #).
The ability of massage to attenuate the loss in EV number will be determined. Serum will be used to quantify EV numbers. The percent change in EVs between day 7 and day -2 was used.
Time frame: 9 days
Population: Data was not generated.
Secondary
Percent Change in the Expression of Muscle Rab27b mRNA.
The ability of massage to attenuate the loss in Rab27b protein expression will be determined. Muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis will be used to quantify muscle Rab27b expression. The percent change in muscle Rab27b expression between day 7 and day -2 was used.
Time frame: 9 days
Population: Data was not generated.