Aging
Conditions
Keywords
High-Intensity Interval Training, Aerobic exercise, Acute exercise
Brief summary
A key early event in cardiovascular disease development is endothelial dysfunction, characterized by impaired flow-mediated dilation. Regular aerobic exercise ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in healthy older men, but the data in healthy postmenopausal women are inconsistent with many studies showing no effect. The primary objective of this study was to examine sex differences in acute and chronic endothelial responses to exercise training in older men vs. older postmenopausal women.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALControl Period
Participants completed an 8-week control period of normal lifestyle.
BEHAVIORALExercise Period
Participants completed an 8-week exercise intervention period of remotely supervised home-based non-weight-bearing all-extremity high intensity interval training (NWA-HIIT). NWA-HIIT consisted of 4x4-min bouts at 90% of maximal heart rate (HRmax) interspersed by 3x3-min bouts at 70% of HRmax. A 10-min warm-up and 5-minute cool-down at 70% of HRmax were included.
Sponsors
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
University of Florida
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
60 Years to 79 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* adults able to give consent * men and women * women must be postmenopausal (either natural or surgical) * 60 to 79 years of age
Exclusion criteria
* any relevant cardiovascular diseases (e.g., history of coronary artery bypass surgery or angioplasty, or heart failure, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, peripheral arterial disease) * myocardial ischemia during maximal graded exercise test * major chronic clinical disease (e.g., diabetes, renal or hepatic disease or infection with hepatitis B, C, or HIV) * seizures, or other relevant on-going or recurrent illness * recent (within 3 months) or recurrent hospitalizations * systolic blood pressure \< 100 mmHg * body mass index \> 35 kg/m\^2 * \>5% weight change in past 3 months or unwilling to remain weight stable during study participation * use of tobacco products including smoking traditional or e-cigarettes * use of hormone replacement therapy in women or men (e.g., estrogen, progesterone or testosterone) * regular aerobic exercise training (≥30 min/session and ≥ 3 days/week)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in FMD in Response to Chronic HIIT | From baseline to end of 8-week control period; From end of 8-week control period to end of 8-week exercise intervention | Flow mediated dilation (FMD) is an established non-invasive measure of endothelial function. Brachial artery FMD was determined via ultrasonography in response to reactive hyperemia following 5-min forearm ischemia. FMD was expressed as % change and was calculated as (max diameter-baseline-diameter)/baseline diameter)\*100. The change in FMD for the control period was calculated as the difference in FMD from baseline to the end of the 8-week control period. The change in FMD for the exercise intervention period was calculated as the difference in FMD from the end of the 8-week control period to the end of the 8-week intervention period. |
| Change in FMD in Response to Acute HIIT in the Untrained State | From pre-exercise to end of exercise; From pre-exercise to 1-hour post-exercise; From pre-exercise to 24-hours post-exercise | Flow mediated dilation (FMD) is an established non-invasive measure of endothelial function. Brachial artery FMD was determined via ultrasonography in response to reactive hyperemia following 5-min forearm ischemia. FMD was expressed as % change and was calculated as (max diameter-baseline-diameter)/baseline diameter)\*100. FMD was investigated at pre-exercise, at the end of a HIIT session, and 1-hour and 24-hours following a HIIT session in the untrained state (before beginning the 8-week exercise intervention consisting of HIIT). The change in FMD in response to acute HIIT was calculated 1) at the end of exercise (as the difference from pre-exercise to end of exercise); 2) 1-hour post-exercise (as the difference from pre-exercise to 1-hour post-exercise) and 3) 24-hours post-exercise (as the difference from pre-exercise to 24-hours post-exercise). |
| Change in FMD in Response to Acute HIIT in the Trained State | From pre-exercise to end of exercise; From pre-exercise to 1-hour post-exercise; From pre-exercise to 24-hours post-exercise | Flow mediated dilation (FMD) is an established non-invasive measure of endothelial function. Brachial artery FMD was determined via ultrasonography in response to reactive hyperemia following 5-min forearm ischemia. FMD was expressed as % change and was calculated as (max diameter-baseline-diameter)/baseline diameter)\*100. FMD was investigated at pre-exercise, at the end of a HIIT session, and 1-hour and 24-hours following a HIIT session in the trained state (at the end of the 8-week exercise intervention consisting of HIIT). The change in FMD in response to acute HIIT was calculated 1) at the end of exercise (as the difference from pre-exercise to end of exercise); 2) 1-hour post-exercise (as the difference from pre-exercise to 1-hour post-exercise) and 3) 24-hours post-exercise (as the difference from pre-exercise to 24-hours post-exercise). |
| Correlation Coefficient for the Relationship Between Acute and Chronic FMD Response to HIIT | Acute FMD response at 1) pre-exercise vs. end of exercise; 2) pre-exercise vs. 1-hour post-exercise; and 3) pre-exercise vs. 24-hours post-exercise. Chronic FMD response at baseline vs. end of 8-week. exercise intervention | — |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Older Men Control Period: Subjects will complete an 8-week control period of normal lifestyle, followed by the 8-week exercise period.
Exercise Period: Subjects will complete an 8-week non-weight-bearing all-extremity high intensity interval training (NWA-HIIT). NWA-HIIT will consist of 4x4-min bouts at 90% of maximal heart rate (HRmax) interspersed by 3x3-min bouts at 70% of HRmax. A 10-min warm-up and 5-minute cool-down at 70% of HRmax will be included. | 9 |
| Older Postmenopausal Women Control Period: Subjects will complete an 8-week control period of normal lifestyle, followed by the 8-week exercise period.
Exercise Period: Subjects will complete an 8-week non-weight-bearing all-extremity high intensity interval training (NWA-HIIT). NWA-HIIT will consist of 4x4-min bouts at 90% of maximal heart rate (HRmax) interspersed by 3x3-min bouts at 70% of HRmax. A 10-min warm-up and 5-minute cool-down at 70% of HRmax will be included. | 11 |
| Total | 20 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Older Men | Total | Older Postmenopausal Women |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 3 Participants | 11 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 6 Participants | 9 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 68 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6 | 68 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6 | 68 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 8 Participants | 18 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Flow Mediated Dilation | 3.41 % of flow mediated dilation STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.89 | 3.39 % of flow mediated dilation STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.38 | 3.38 % of flow mediated dilation STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.73 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 8 Participants | 18 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 9 Participants | 20 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 0 Participants | 11 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 9 Participants | 9 Participants | 0 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 9 | 0 / 11 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 3 / 9 | 8 / 11 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 9 | 0 / 11 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in FMD in Response to Acute HIIT in the Trained State
Flow mediated dilation (FMD) is an established non-invasive measure of endothelial function. Brachial artery FMD was determined via ultrasonography in response to reactive hyperemia following 5-min forearm ischemia. FMD was expressed as % change and was calculated as (max diameter-baseline-diameter)/baseline diameter)\*100. FMD was investigated at pre-exercise, at the end of a HIIT session, and 1-hour and 24-hours following a HIIT session in the trained state (at the end of the 8-week exercise intervention consisting of HIIT). The change in FMD in response to acute HIIT was calculated 1) at the end of exercise (as the difference from pre-exercise to end of exercise); 2) 1-hour post-exercise (as the difference from pre-exercise to 1-hour post-exercise) and 3) 24-hours post-exercise (as the difference from pre-exercise to 24-hours post-exercise).
Time frame: From pre-exercise to end of exercise; From pre-exercise to 1-hour post-exercise; From pre-exercise to 24-hours post-exercise
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Older Postmenopausal Women | Change in FMD in Response to Acute HIIT in the Trained State | End of exercise | 0.77 % flow mediated dilation | Standard Deviation 2.24 |
| Older Postmenopausal Women | Change in FMD in Response to Acute HIIT in the Trained State | 1-hour post-exercise | -0.66 % flow mediated dilation | Standard Deviation 2.59 |
| Older Postmenopausal Women | Change in FMD in Response to Acute HIIT in the Trained State | 24-hours post-exercise | -0.45 % flow mediated dilation | Standard Deviation 1.71 |
| Older Men | Change in FMD in Response to Acute HIIT in the Trained State | End of exercise | -0.07 % flow mediated dilation | Standard Deviation 2.32 |
| Older Men | Change in FMD in Response to Acute HIIT in the Trained State | 1-hour post-exercise | -0.63 % flow mediated dilation | Standard Deviation 2.15 |
| Older Men | Change in FMD in Response to Acute HIIT in the Trained State | 24-hours post-exercise | 1.35 % flow mediated dilation | Standard Deviation 1.79 |
Primary
Change in FMD in Response to Acute HIIT in the Untrained State
Flow mediated dilation (FMD) is an established non-invasive measure of endothelial function. Brachial artery FMD was determined via ultrasonography in response to reactive hyperemia following 5-min forearm ischemia. FMD was expressed as % change and was calculated as (max diameter-baseline-diameter)/baseline diameter)\*100. FMD was investigated at pre-exercise, at the end of a HIIT session, and 1-hour and 24-hours following a HIIT session in the untrained state (before beginning the 8-week exercise intervention consisting of HIIT). The change in FMD in response to acute HIIT was calculated 1) at the end of exercise (as the difference from pre-exercise to end of exercise); 2) 1-hour post-exercise (as the difference from pre-exercise to 1-hour post-exercise) and 3) 24-hours post-exercise (as the difference from pre-exercise to 24-hours post-exercise).
Time frame: From pre-exercise to end of exercise; From pre-exercise to 1-hour post-exercise; From pre-exercise to 24-hours post-exercise
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Older Postmenopausal Women | Change in FMD in Response to Acute HIIT in the Untrained State | End of exercise | -0.46 % flow mediated dilation | Standard Deviation 2.04 |
| Older Postmenopausal Women | Change in FMD in Response to Acute HIIT in the Untrained State | 1-hour post-exercise | -0.64 % flow mediated dilation | Standard Deviation 1.97 |
| Older Postmenopausal Women | Change in FMD in Response to Acute HIIT in the Untrained State | 24-hours post-exercise | -0.53 % flow mediated dilation | Standard Deviation 1.18 |
| Older Men | Change in FMD in Response to Acute HIIT in the Untrained State | End of exercise | 0.19 % flow mediated dilation | Standard Deviation 1.85 |
| Older Men | Change in FMD in Response to Acute HIIT in the Untrained State | 1-hour post-exercise | -1.28 % flow mediated dilation | Standard Deviation 1.69 |
| Older Men | Change in FMD in Response to Acute HIIT in the Untrained State | 24-hours post-exercise | 0.12 % flow mediated dilation | Standard Deviation 1.93 |
Primary
Change in FMD in Response to Chronic HIIT
Flow mediated dilation (FMD) is an established non-invasive measure of endothelial function. Brachial artery FMD was determined via ultrasonography in response to reactive hyperemia following 5-min forearm ischemia. FMD was expressed as % change and was calculated as (max diameter-baseline-diameter)/baseline diameter)\*100. The change in FMD for the control period was calculated as the difference in FMD from baseline to the end of the 8-week control period. The change in FMD for the exercise intervention period was calculated as the difference in FMD from the end of the 8-week control period to the end of the 8-week intervention period.
Time frame: From baseline to end of 8-week control period; From end of 8-week control period to end of 8-week exercise intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Older Postmenopausal Women | Change in FMD in Response to Chronic HIIT | Control period | 0.11 % flow mediated dilation | Standard Deviation 1.27 |
| Older Postmenopausal Women | Change in FMD in Response to Chronic HIIT | Exercise intervention | 0.81 % flow mediated dilation | Standard Deviation 1.78 |
| Older Men | Change in FMD in Response to Chronic HIIT | Control period | 0.57 % flow mediated dilation | Standard Deviation 2.07 |
| Older Men | Change in FMD in Response to Chronic HIIT | Exercise intervention | 0.10 % flow mediated dilation | Standard Deviation 2.36 |
Primary
Correlation Coefficient for the Relationship Between Acute and Chronic FMD Response to HIIT
Time frame: Acute FMD response at 1) pre-exercise vs. end of exercise; 2) pre-exercise vs. 1-hour post-exercise; and 3) pre-exercise vs. 24-hours post-exercise. Chronic FMD response at baseline vs. end of 8-week. exercise intervention
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Older Postmenopausal Women | Correlation Coefficient for the Relationship Between Acute and Chronic FMD Response to HIIT | 24-hour post-exercise | -0.17 Correlation coefficient |
| Older Postmenopausal Women | Correlation Coefficient for the Relationship Between Acute and Chronic FMD Response to HIIT | End of exercise | -0.32 Correlation coefficient |
| Older Postmenopausal Women | Correlation Coefficient for the Relationship Between Acute and Chronic FMD Response to HIIT | 1-hour post-exercise | 0 Correlation coefficient |
| Older Men | Correlation Coefficient for the Relationship Between Acute and Chronic FMD Response to HIIT | 24-hour post-exercise | 0.07 Correlation coefficient |
| Older Men | Correlation Coefficient for the Relationship Between Acute and Chronic FMD Response to HIIT | End of exercise | -0.26 Correlation coefficient |
| Older Men | Correlation Coefficient for the Relationship Between Acute and Chronic FMD Response to HIIT | 1-hour post-exercise | -0.20 Correlation coefficient |