Type 2 Diabetes
Conditions
Keywords
Chinese Americans
Brief summary
The goal of this pilot study is to examine the feasibility and acceptability of a family-oriented SMS intervention in 30 Chinese Americans with T2D and their family members. Participants will be randomized to one of 2 arms (n=15 each): 1) wait-list control and 2) SMS intervention. Both groups will continue to receive standard of care treatment for their T2D. The SMS group will receive brief lifestyle counseling videos via SMS links. At the end of the study, the wait-list control group will be provided the opportunity to receive the counseling videos.
Detailed description
Chinese Americans are one of the fastest growing immigrant groups in the US, who suffer disproportionately high type 2 diabetes (T2D) burden and have poorly controlled T2D. Given the high economic and societal burden of T2D and rapid population growth in Chinese Americans, there is an urgent need for research to develop effective interventions to address T2D burden in this population. Recent evidence suggests the importance of involving and empowering family members in diabetes intervention and calls for family intervention. A mobile health approach such as short message service (SMS) might be a promising way to deliver such family-oriented interventions to the target population given prior studies suggests that Chinese Americans often report challenges to attend in-person lifestyle counseling because of long working hours and lack of sick time from work. A SMS-based intervention provides the flexibility of allowing them to view the intervention at a time and place convenient to them. This study will serve as the first step to explore an alternative approach for managing T2D in this group.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALWait-list control group
For patient participants, they will continue to receive the standard of usual care for their T2D at the CBWCHC during the course of our study. For family/friend participants, they will continue to receive their routine care with their own doctors during the study. At the end of the study, the wait-list control group (both patient and family/friend participants) will be provided the opportunity to receive the counseling videos delivered to them via SMS links.
BEHAVIORALSMS intervention
2-3 SMS-based diabetes videos will be sent to patients each week for 12 weeks (each video within 10 minutes in duration) to both patients and their family members. Patients and their family members will receive the same intervention videos, including basic information about T2D, importance of diabetes self-management at home, behavioral techniques, and family-oriented sessions. BrainShark will be used to determine whether participants view these,videos. For participants who miss 3 consecutive videos, the study team will follow-up with a phone call to identify barriers to watching the video and remind them to review the video.
Sponsors
NYU Langone Health
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
HEALTH_SERVICES_RESEARCH
Masking
DOUBLE (Caregiver, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 70 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria for patient participants: * self-identify as Chinese or Chinese American; * be between the ages of 18 and 70, * self-report a diagnosis of T2D; * be willing to receive WeChat messages regarding T2D management, * possess a smartphone or be willing and able to use a study smartphone. If participants have their own smartphones, they are encouraged to use their own phones. For participants who do not have smartphones, the study will provide them * has a family member or friend be willing to participate in the study to learn about T2D to better support them Inclusion criteria for family/friend participants: family/friend participants must * be between 18-70 years old, * be willing to receive WeChat messages regarding T2D management * possess a smartphone or be willing and able to use a study smartphone. If participants have their own smartphones, they are encouraged to use their own phones. For participants who do not have smartphones, the study will provide them
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percentage of Videos Watched by Participants | Up to Month 6 | Measure of SMS intervention feasibility. |
| Satisfaction Questionnaire Score | Month 6 | 1-item assessment of satisfaction with the SMS intervention. The item is rated on a scale from 0 (not at all satisfied) to 10 (totally satisfied). The total score is the numerical response; higher scores indicate greater satisfaction. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) Score | Baseline, Month 6 | The DMSES is an 8-item assessment asking participants to rate their confidence level in performing diabetes-specific self-management behaviors, using a 10-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all confident) to 10 (totally confident). The total score is the sum of responses and ranges from 8 to 80; higher scores indicate greater self-efficacy. An increase in scores indicates self-efficacy improved during the observational period. |
| Change in Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Score | Baseline, Month 6 | The SDSCA is a 13-item assessment of participants' adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors. This scale consists of 13 items and asks participate to describe their diabetes self-care activities over the past 7 days. The total score is the sum of responses and ranges from 0 to 91; higher scores indicate greater adherence to self-management behaviors. An increase in scores indicates adherence improved during the observational period. |
| Change in Diabetes Knowledge Test Scores | Baseline, Month 6 | 11-item questionnaire assessing diabetes knowledge. The total score is the number of correct responses and ranges from 0-11. |
| Change in International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-Short Version MET Score | Baseline, Month 6 | The IPAQ calculates each participant's metabolic equivalent (MET) score by asking participants the days and minutes exercised in three categories of intensity (vigorous, moderate, and walking) during the previous one week. One metabolic equivalent (MET) is defined as the amount of oxygen consumed while sitting at rest and is equal to 3.5 ml O2 per kg body weight x min. Higher MET scores indicate higher levels of physical activity. An increase in scores indicates physical activity increased during the observational period. |
| Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Fruit Score | Baseline, Month 6 | The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed. |
| Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Vegetable Score | Baseline, Month 6 | The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed. |
| Change in HbA1c Level | Baseline, Month 6 | Participants receive HbA1c blood test at their doctors' office every 3-6 months; HbA1c testing results will be abstracted from the medical record at the participant's health care facility. |
| Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Whole Wheat Score | Baseline, Month 6 | The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed. |
| Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Sugary Drinks Score | Baseline, Month 6 | The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed. |
| Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Starchy Score | Baseline, Month 6 | The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed. |
| Change in Diabetes-Specific Support Score | Baseline, Month 6 | Participants were asked about diabetes-specific support, such as medication taking, healthy diet, physical activity, blood sugar monitoring, stress management, and diabetes management. Higher scores indicate better support. The total score ranges from 4-80; higher scores indicate greater levels of specific. |
| Change in the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Emotional Support Short Form v2.0 Score | Baseline, Month 6 | 4-item assessment of the availability of others with whom they could talk and feel appreciated. The total score ranges from 4 - 20; higher scores indicate greater support. |
| Change in Diabetes Distress Scale Score | Baseline, Month 6 | The Diabetes Distress Scale consists of 17 items and asks respondents to describe the diabetes-related distress experienced within the past month, including emotional distress, physician-related distress, regimen-related distress, and interpersonal distress. The items are scored on a 6- point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (not a problem) to 6 (a very serious problem). The total score is the sum of responses and ranges from 17 to 102, with higher scores indicating higher levels of diabetes distress. |
| Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Refined Grains Score | Baseline, Month 6 | The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed. |
| Change in Body Weight | Baseline, Month 6 | Body weight in pounds (lbs). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Wait-list Control - Patients Standard of care
Wait-list control group: For patient participants, they will continue to receive the standard of usual care for their T2D at the CBWCHC during the course of our study. For family/friend participants, they will continue to receive their routine care with their own doctors during the study. At the end of the study, the wait-list control group (both patient and family/friend participants) will be provided the opportunity to receive the counseling videos delivered to them via SMS links. | 12 |
| SMS Intervention - Patients The SMS group will receive brief lifestyle counseling videos via SMS links. At the end of the study, the wait-list control group will be provided the opportunity to receive the counseling videos.
SMS intervention: 2-3 SMS-based diabetes videos will be sent to patients each week for 12 weeks (each video within 10 minutes in duration) to both patients and their family members. Patients and their family members will receive the same intervention videos, including basic information about T2D, importance of diabetes self-management at home, behavioral techniques, and family-oriented sessions. BrainShark will be used to determine whether participants view these,videos. For participants who miss 3 consecutive videos, the study team will follow-up with a phone call to identify barriers to watching the video and remind them to review the video. | 11 |
| Wait-list Control - Family/Friend Standard of care
Wait-list control group: For patient participants, they will continue to receive the standard of usual care for their T2D at the CBWCHC during the course of our study. For family/friend participants, they will continue to receive their routine care with their own doctors during the study. At the end of the study, the wait-list control group (both patient and family/friend participants) will be provided the opportunity to receive the counseling videos delivered to them via SMS links. | 12 |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend Standard of care
Wait-list control group: For patient participants, they will continue to receive the standard of usual care for their T2D at the CBWCHC during the course of our study. For family/friend participants, they will continue to receive their routine care with their own doctors during the study. At the end of the study, the wait-list control group (both patient and family/friend participants) will be provided the opportunity to receive the counseling videos delivered to them via SMS links. | 11 |
| Total | 46 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Not interested in participating | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Wait-list Control - Patients | Total | SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Wait-list Control - Family/Friend | SMS Intervention - Patients |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 56.92 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.62 | 55.42 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.31 | 48.18 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.04 | 61.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.98 | 55.45 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.45 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 12 Participants | 46 Participants | 11 Participants | 12 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 12 Participants | 46 Participants | 11 Participants | 12 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 12 participants | 46 participants | 11 participants | 12 participants | 11 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 6 Participants | 23 Participants | 7 Participants | 5 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 6 Participants | 23 Participants | 4 Participants | 7 Participants | 6 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 12 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 12 | 0 / 11 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 12 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 12 | 0 / 11 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 12 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 12 | 0 / 11 |
Outcome results
Primary
Percentage of Videos Watched by Participants
Measure of SMS intervention feasibility.
Time frame: Up to Month 6
Population: Population comprises 10 participants and 10 family members/friends in the SMS Intervention Group. Participants in the Wait-list Control group were not assessed for this outcome measure.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Percentage of Videos Watched by Participants | 76.8 Percentage of videos watched | Standard Deviation 7 |
Primary
Satisfaction Questionnaire Score
1-item assessment of satisfaction with the SMS intervention. The item is rated on a scale from 0 (not at all satisfied) to 10 (totally satisfied). The total score is the numerical response; higher scores indicate greater satisfaction.
Time frame: Month 6
Population: Participants in the Wait-List Control arm were not assessed for this outcome measure.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Satisfaction Questionnaire Score | 9.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Satisfaction Questionnaire Score | 10 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0 |
Secondary
Change in Body Weight
Body weight in pounds (lbs).
Time frame: Baseline, Month 6
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Change in Body Weight | -4.75 lbs |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Body Weight | -11.68 lbs |
| Wait-list Control - Family/Friend | Change in Body Weight | -4.88 lbs |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Body Weight | -2.59 lbs |
Secondary
Change in Diabetes Distress Scale Score
The Diabetes Distress Scale consists of 17 items and asks respondents to describe the diabetes-related distress experienced within the past month, including emotional distress, physician-related distress, regimen-related distress, and interpersonal distress. The items are scored on a 6- point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (not a problem) to 6 (a very serious problem). The total score is the sum of responses and ranges from 17 to 102, with higher scores indicating higher levels of diabetes distress.
Time frame: Baseline, Month 6
Population: Family/friend participants were not assessed for this outcome measure.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Change in Diabetes Distress Scale Score | -0.67 score on a scale |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Diabetes Distress Scale Score | -0.5 score on a scale |
Secondary
Change in Diabetes Knowledge Test Scores
11-item questionnaire assessing diabetes knowledge. The total score is the number of correct responses and ranges from 0-11.
Time frame: Baseline, Month 6
Population: Patient participants were not assessed for this outcome measure.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Change in Diabetes Knowledge Test Scores | 0.14 score on a scale |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Diabetes Knowledge Test Scores | 0.24 score on a scale |
Secondary
Change in Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) Score
The DMSES is an 8-item assessment asking participants to rate their confidence level in performing diabetes-specific self-management behaviors, using a 10-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all confident) to 10 (totally confident). The total score is the sum of responses and ranges from 8 to 80; higher scores indicate greater self-efficacy. An increase in scores indicates self-efficacy improved during the observational period.
Time frame: Baseline, Month 6
Population: Change in DMSES Score was not assessed in family/friend participants.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Change in Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) Score | 0.43 Score on a scale |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) Score | 0.38 Score on a scale |
Secondary
Change in Diabetes-Specific Support Score
Participants were asked about diabetes-specific support, such as medication taking, healthy diet, physical activity, blood sugar monitoring, stress management, and diabetes management. Higher scores indicate better support. The total score ranges from 4-80; higher scores indicate greater levels of specific.
Time frame: Baseline, Month 6
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Change in Diabetes-Specific Support Score | 6.92 score on a scale |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Diabetes-Specific Support Score | 3.15 score on a scale |
| Wait-list Control - Family/Friend | Change in Diabetes-Specific Support Score | 9.22 score on a scale |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Diabetes-Specific Support Score | 9.12 score on a scale |
Secondary
Change in HbA1c Level
Participants receive HbA1c blood test at their doctors' office every 3-6 months; HbA1c testing results will be abstracted from the medical record at the participant's health care facility.
Time frame: Baseline, Month 6
Population: Change in HbA1c level was not assessed in family/friend participants.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Change in HbA1c Level | -0.88 percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in HbA1c Level | -1.23 percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin |
Secondary
Change in International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-Short Version MET Score
The IPAQ calculates each participant's metabolic equivalent (MET) score by asking participants the days and minutes exercised in three categories of intensity (vigorous, moderate, and walking) during the previous one week. One metabolic equivalent (MET) is defined as the amount of oxygen consumed while sitting at rest and is equal to 3.5 ml O2 per kg body weight x min. Higher MET scores indicate higher levels of physical activity. An increase in scores indicates physical activity increased during the observational period.
Time frame: Baseline, Month 6
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Change in International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-Short Version MET Score | 1656.37 Metabolic equivalent (MET) |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-Short Version MET Score | 1076.7 Metabolic equivalent (MET) |
| Wait-list Control - Family/Friend | Change in International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-Short Version MET Score | 329.71 Metabolic equivalent (MET) |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-Short Version MET Score | 765.84 Metabolic equivalent (MET) |
Secondary
Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Fruit Score
The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed.
Time frame: Baseline, Month 6
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Fruit Score | 0.07 cups |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Fruit Score | 0.08 cups |
| Wait-list Control - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Fruit Score | 1.03 cups |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Fruit Score | -0.18 cups |
Secondary
Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Refined Grains Score
The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed.
Time frame: Baseline, Month 6
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Refined Grains Score | -0.31 cups |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Refined Grains Score | -0.09 cups |
| Wait-list Control - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Refined Grains Score | -0.39 cups |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Refined Grains Score | -0.68 cups |
Secondary
Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Starchy Score
The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed.
Time frame: Baseline, Month 6
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Starchy Score | 0 cups |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Starchy Score | -0.07 cups |
| Wait-list Control - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Starchy Score | -0.03 cups |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Starchy Score | -0.07 cups |
Secondary
Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Sugary Drinks Score
The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed.
Time frame: Baseline, Month 6
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Sugary Drinks Score | -0.22 cups |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Sugary Drinks Score | -0.31 cups |
| Wait-list Control - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Sugary Drinks Score | -0.19 cups |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Sugary Drinks Score | -0.23 cups |
Secondary
Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Vegetable Score
The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed.
Time frame: Baseline, Month 6
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Vegetable Score | 0.57 cups |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Vegetable Score | 0.41 cups |
| Wait-list Control - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Vegetable Score | 1.18 cups |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Vegetable Score | -0.18 cups |
Secondary
Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Whole Wheat Score
The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed.
Time frame: Baseline, Month 6
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Whole Wheat Score | -0.32 cups |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Whole Wheat Score | 0.16 cups |
| Wait-list Control - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Whole Wheat Score | 0.44 cups |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Mediterranean Dietary Screener (MEDAS) - Whole Wheat Score | -0.09 cups |
Secondary
Change in Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Score
The SDSCA is a 13-item assessment of participants' adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors. This scale consists of 13 items and asks participate to describe their diabetes self-care activities over the past 7 days. The total score is the sum of responses and ranges from 0 to 91; higher scores indicate greater adherence to self-management behaviors. An increase in scores indicates adherence improved during the observational period.
Time frame: Baseline, Month 6
Population: Change in SDSCA score was not assessed in family/friend participants.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Change in Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Score | 7.15 score on a scale |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) Score | 10.05 score on a scale |
Secondary
Change in the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Emotional Support Short Form v2.0 Score
4-item assessment of the availability of others with whom they could talk and feel appreciated. The total score ranges from 4 - 20; higher scores indicate greater support.
Time frame: Baseline, Month 6
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| SMS Intervention | Change in the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Emotional Support Short Form v2.0 Score | 0.64 score on a scale |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Emotional Support Short Form v2.0 Score | 0.63 score on a scale |
| Wait-list Control - Family/Friend | Change in the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Emotional Support Short Form v2.0 Score | 0.7 score on a scale |
| SMS Intervention - Family/Friend | Change in the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Emotional Support Short Form v2.0 Score | 1.2 score on a scale |