Drug Overdose, Virtual Reality
Conditions
Brief summary
This cluster-randomized trial will compare changes in attitudes and knowledge on administering naloxone based on exposure to either a virtual reality educational training or the current standard educational trainings (e.g. on-line videos, printed information handouts) offered at local libraries. Individuals attending local library's naloxone training days will voluntarily complete an anonymous validated survey pre and post attending either the virtual reality or standard educational training.
Detailed description
This study will utilize a cluster-randomized trial design. Entire libraries will be randomized to either offer community members the virtual reality training or the standard educational offerings (e.g. handouts, online videos). Volunteers will be asked to complete the brief, anonymous, and validated Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale prior to receiving an education intervention (pretest) and then again immediately after (posttest). Neither participants nor investigators will be blinded. Library patrons who do not participate in the study will be offered current standard training materials. Regardless of the library's randomization, to either virtual reality or standard training, all patrons completing pre and post test surveys will have the opportunity to view the virtual reality training or other public health department materials.
Interventions
Virtual Reality Education (Intervention): The experimental group of libraries will receive the virtual reality simulation, which is guided by the NLN Jeffries Simulation Theory, and lasts 9 minutes. The virtual reality education is based on scenes and dialogue conducted during the hybrid high-fidelity simulation, from a script developed using the existing hybrid simulation on opioid overdose intervention. This virtual reality education is an educational intervention.
OTHERStandard Education
Standard Educational (Control): The public health department's training includes printed handouts on how to administer naloxone and youtube videos on how to spot signs and symptoms of overdose and administer naloxone. Additionally, staff are on hand to provide one on one verbal educational trainings to local community members voluntarily seeking education.
Sponsors
University of Pennsylvania
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Able to complete paper surveys independently * Provide verbal consent
Exclusion criteria
* Unable to complete immediate post-training assessment * Individuals under 18 years of age * Individuals who cannot communicate in English and provide consent
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale (OOKS) From Pre- to Post-training | Immediately Pre-Training and Within 1 Hour Post-training | Higher scores on the OOKS indicate greater knowledge on how to identify and appropriately intervene during an opioid related overdose, including proper use of naloxone. The tool has been validated with healthcare professionals and lay persons and used to assess changes in knowledge and attitudes after in-person naloxone trainings. This main outcome of this study is examining changes in the OOKS subscale for signs of an opioid overdose with scores ranging from 0 to 10. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Opioid Overdose Attitudes Scale (OOAS) From Pre- to Post-training | Immediately Pre-Training and Within 1 Hour Post-training | The OOAS subscales assessing competencies to manage an opioid overdose (5 items). Study participants were given intranasal naloxone, so all items were adapted to refer to intranasal naloxone rather than injectable naloxone. OOAS items were scored on a Likert-type scale and higher scores suggested more favorable attitudes towards opioid overdose response, where 1=completely disagree, and 5=completely agree |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Standard Education Standard Educational (Control): The public health department's training includes printed handouts on how to administer naloxone and youtube videos on how to spot signs and symptoms of overdose and administer naloxone. Additionally, staff are on hand to provide one on one verbal educational trainings to local community members voluntarily seeking education.
Standard Education: Standard Educational (Control): The public health department's training includes printed handouts on how to administer naloxone and youtube videos on how to spot signs and symptoms of overdose and administer naloxone. Additionally, staff are on hand to provide one on one verbal educational trainings to local community members voluntarily seeking education. | 37 |
| Virtual Reality Virtual Reality Education (Intervention): The experimental group of libraries will receive the virtual reality simulation, which is guided by the NLN Jeffries Simulation Theory, and lasts 9 minutes. The virtual reality education is based on scenes and dialogue conducted during the hybrid high-fidelity simulation, from a script developed using the existing hybrid simulation on opioid overdose intervention. This virtual reality education is an educational intervention.
Virtual Reality Education: Virtual Reality Education (Intervention): The experimental group of libraries will receive the virtual reality simulation, which is guided by the NLN Jeffries Simulation Theory, and lasts 9 minutes. The virtual reality education is based on scenes and dialogue conducted during the hybrid high-fidelity simulation, from a script developed using the existing hybrid simulation on opioid overdose intervention. This virtual reality education is an educational intervention. | 57 |
| Total | 94 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 0 | 1 |
| Overall Study | Protocol Violation | 3 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Standard Education | Virtual Reality | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 40 years | 41 years | 40 years |
| OOAS | 3.3 units on a scale | 3.4 units on a scale | 3.4 units on a scale |
| OOKS | 5 units on a scale | 5 units on a scale | 5 units on a scale |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 11 Participants | 13 Participants | 24 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 12 Participants | 23 Participants | 35 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 14 Participants | 21 Participants | 35 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Female | 24 Participants | 33 Participants | 57 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Male | 12 Participants | 22 Participants | 34 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Nonbinary | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 3 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale (OOKS) From Pre- to Post-training
Higher scores on the OOKS indicate greater knowledge on how to identify and appropriately intervene during an opioid related overdose, including proper use of naloxone. The tool has been validated with healthcare professionals and lay persons and used to assess changes in knowledge and attitudes after in-person naloxone trainings. This main outcome of this study is examining changes in the OOKS subscale for signs of an opioid overdose with scores ranging from 0 to 10.
Time frame: Immediately Pre-Training and Within 1 Hour Post-training
Population: Higher difference in scores indicates greater improvement from baseline to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Standard Education | Change in Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale (OOKS) From Pre- to Post-training | 2 units on a scale |
| Virtual Reality | Change in Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale (OOKS) From Pre- to Post-training | 1 units on a scale |
p-value: 0.6595% CI: [-0.85, 0.49]SEM
Secondary
Change in Opioid Overdose Attitudes Scale (OOAS) From Pre- to Post-training
The OOAS subscales assessing competencies to manage an opioid overdose (5 items). Study participants were given intranasal naloxone, so all items were adapted to refer to intranasal naloxone rather than injectable naloxone. OOAS items were scored on a Likert-type scale and higher scores suggested more favorable attitudes towards opioid overdose response, where 1=completely disagree, and 5=completely agree
Time frame: Immediately Pre-Training and Within 1 Hour Post-training
Population: Higher difference in scores indicates greater improvement from baseline to follow up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Standard Education | Change in Opioid Overdose Attitudes Scale (OOAS) From Pre- to Post-training | 1 units on a scale |
| Virtual Reality | Change in Opioid Overdose Attitudes Scale (OOAS) From Pre- to Post-training | 1 units on a scale |
p-value: 0.0295% CI: [0.02, 0.5]SEM