Amputation, Artificial Limb
Conditions
Keywords
Ankle disarticulation, Syme, Amputation, Prosthesis, Prosthetic foot, Crossover foot, Biomechanics
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to compare the functional differences between two types of foot prostheses for people with ankle disarticulation (Syme's) amputations. The two feet being tested are low- and high-profile feet, with the difference being the latter has an extended keel and attaches to the posterior of the prosthetic socket, rather than the distal end. The hypothesis is that the high-profile foot (i.e., the crossover foot) will lead to functional and biomechanical improvements compared to low-profile feet.
Detailed description
Syme's prostheses are typically limited to low-profile prosthetic feet due to clearance restrictions below the prosthetic socket. As a result, the functional benefits provided by the long residual limb are mitigated by prosthetic design limitations. Recently, high-profile, posteriorly-attaching crossover feet have been modified for use with people who have Syme's amputation. Crossover feet theoretically improve motion and energy storage-and-return compared to traditional foot options for the Syme's level. Crossover feet also have the potential to broaden the range of high-impact activities that can be performed with a single prosthesis. However, to date there is no empirical evidence that compares functional differences when walking with high-profile crossover feet compared to low-profile feet for people with Syme's amputation. This mixed-method pilot research will use a randomized, controlled within-participants design. Investigators will assess gait biomechanics, self-reported health outcomes, and qualitative interviews to compare relative advantages and disadvantages of traditional low-profile Syme's feet and high-profile crossover feet. This proposed work will create a foundation for future research that examines the potential benefits of crossover feet in people with Syme's amputation. In addition, results from this research will be used clinically to inform prosthetic options for people with limited clearance for distally-attached prosthetic feet.
Interventions
A prosthetic foot that features an extended strut (keel) that attaches to the posterior proximal aspect of the prosthetic socket.
A prosthetic foot that features a short strut (keel) that attaches to the distal aspect of the prosthetic socket.
Sponsors
Study design
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
* 18 years of age or older * Have a unilateral Syme's amputation that occurred \>1 year prior * Owns a crossover foot modified for Syme's use * Able to walk in the community without assistance * Able to read and write in English
Exclusion criteria
* Have other amputations * Have a health condition that would limit completion of the study protocol (e.g., skin breakdown, heart disease)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Peak Sound-side Limb Loading | Sessions 3 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 1 wear) and 4 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 2 wear) | Maximum vertical ground reaction force in early stance |
| Ratio Between Sound and Prosthetic Side Step Lengths | Sessions 3 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 1 wear) and 4 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 2 wear) | The symmetry between prosthetic and sound side step lengths. Step lengths were calculated as the distance between heels from heel strike of the contralateral foot to heel strike of the ipsilateral foot. |
| Total Prosthetic Ankle Range of Motion | Sessions 3 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 1 wear) and 4 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 2 wear) | The change in total angular motion of the ankle in the sagittal plane (e.g., dorsiflexion & plantarflexion) during stance phase between prosthetic feet, in degrees |
| Prosthetic-side Energy Return | Sessions 3 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 1 wear) and 4 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 2 wear) | Intersegmental flow of power out of the prosthesis |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Preference Questionnaire | Session 4 (after 4 weeks of prosthesis wear, 2 weeks of prosthesis 1 and 2 weeks of prosthesis 2) | At the end of the study, participants will engage in a preference questionnaire with open-ended follow-up questions to elicit preferences and experiences with both feet. Questions will ask about overall preference, and preference for a range of mobility activities (e.g., Which foot did you prefer overall, and why? and Which foot did you prefer for walking up stairs, and why?). |
| Change in Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility (PLUS-M) 12-item Short Form Version 1.2 | Sessions 3 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 1 wear) and 4 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 2 wear) | Self-reported measure of mobility, the PLUS-M 12-item Short Form is a single measure, scores range from 17.5-76.6, higher scores represent better mobility. |
| Change in Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC) | Sessions 3 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 1 wear) and 4 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 2 wear) | Self-reported measure of balance confidence, the ABC is a single measure, scores range from 0-4, higher scores represent better balance confidence. |
| Change in Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scales- Revised Aesthetic Satisfaction | Sessions 3 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 1 wear) and 4 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 2 wear) | Self-reported measures of aesthetic prosthetic satisfaction, scores on items are averaged and range from 0-2, higher values represent more satisfaction (better outcome) |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot Participants first received a crossover foot, then switched to an energy storing foot | 1 |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot Participants first received an energy storing foot, then switched to a crossover foot | 1 |
| Total | 2 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foot 1 (Two Week Utilization) | COVID-19 | 1 | 2 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Total | Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 34 years | 42.5 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.5 | 51 years |
| Amputation Etiology Cancer | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Amputation Etiology Trauma | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| MFCL K1-3 | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| MFCL K4 | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Canada | 0 participants | 1 participants | 1 participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 1 participants | 1 participants | 0 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 1 | 0 / 1 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 1 | 0 / 1 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 1 | 0 / 1 |
Outcome results
Peak Sound-side Limb Loading
Maximum vertical ground reaction force in early stance
Time frame: Sessions 3 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 1 wear) and 4 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 2 wear)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Peak Sound-side Limb Loading | Crossover Foot, Fast Walking Speed | 1.37 Ratio (Newtons/body weight) |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Peak Sound-side Limb Loading | Crossover Foot, Slow Walking Speed | 1.06 Ratio (Newtons/body weight) |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Peak Sound-side Limb Loading | Energy Storing Foot, Slow Walking Speed | 1.06 Ratio (Newtons/body weight) |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Peak Sound-side Limb Loading | Crossover Foot, Comfortable Walking Speed | 1.07 Ratio (Newtons/body weight) |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Peak Sound-side Limb Loading | Energy Storing Foot, Comfortable Walking Speed | 1.23 Ratio (Newtons/body weight) |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Peak Sound-side Limb Loading | Energy Storing Foot, Fast Walking Speed | 1.43 Ratio (Newtons/body weight) |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Peak Sound-side Limb Loading | Energy Storing Foot, Comfortable Walking Speed | 1.29 Ratio (Newtons/body weight) |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Peak Sound-side Limb Loading | Crossover Foot, Fast Walking Speed | 1.53 Ratio (Newtons/body weight) |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Peak Sound-side Limb Loading | Crossover Foot, Comfortable Walking Speed | 1.17 Ratio (Newtons/body weight) |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Peak Sound-side Limb Loading | Crossover Foot, Slow Walking Speed | 1.04 Ratio (Newtons/body weight) |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Peak Sound-side Limb Loading | Energy Storing Foot, Fast Walking Speed | 1.45 Ratio (Newtons/body weight) |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Peak Sound-side Limb Loading | Energy Storing Foot, Slow Walking Speed | 1.16 Ratio (Newtons/body weight) |
Prosthetic-side Energy Return
Intersegmental flow of power out of the prosthesis
Time frame: Sessions 3 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 1 wear) and 4 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 2 wear)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Prosthetic-side Energy Return | Crossover Foot, Slow Walking Speed | 0.86 W/kg |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Prosthetic-side Energy Return | Energy Storing Foot, Slow Walking Speed | 0.32 W/kg |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Prosthetic-side Energy Return | Crossover Foot, Comfortable Walking Speed | 2.18 W/kg |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Prosthetic-side Energy Return | Energy Storing Foot, Comfortable Walking Speed | 0.90 W/kg |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Prosthetic-side Energy Return | Crossover Foot, Fast Walking Speed | 2.82 W/kg |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Prosthetic-side Energy Return | Energy Storing Foot, Fast Walking Speed | 1.53 W/kg |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Prosthetic-side Energy Return | Crossover Foot, Fast Walking Speed | 4.22 W/kg |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Prosthetic-side Energy Return | Crossover Foot, Slow Walking Speed | 1.27 W/kg |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Prosthetic-side Energy Return | Energy Storing Foot, Comfortable Walking Speed | 0.53 W/kg |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Prosthetic-side Energy Return | Energy Storing Foot, Slow Walking Speed | 0.36 W/kg |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Prosthetic-side Energy Return | Energy Storing Foot, Fast Walking Speed | 0.75 W/kg |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Prosthetic-side Energy Return | Crossover Foot, Comfortable Walking Speed | 2.32 W/kg |
Ratio Between Sound and Prosthetic Side Step Lengths
The symmetry between prosthetic and sound side step lengths. Step lengths were calculated as the distance between heels from heel strike of the contralateral foot to heel strike of the ipsilateral foot.
Time frame: Sessions 3 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 1 wear) and 4 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 2 wear)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Ratio Between Sound and Prosthetic Side Step Lengths | Crossover Foot, Slow Walking Speed | 0.88 Sound step length / Pros. step length |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Ratio Between Sound and Prosthetic Side Step Lengths | Energy Storing Foot, Slow Walking Speed | 1.02 Sound step length / Pros. step length |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Ratio Between Sound and Prosthetic Side Step Lengths | Crossover Foot, Comfortable Walking Speed | 0.93 Sound step length / Pros. step length |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Ratio Between Sound and Prosthetic Side Step Lengths | Energy Storing Foot, Comfortable Walking Speed | 0.96 Sound step length / Pros. step length |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Ratio Between Sound and Prosthetic Side Step Lengths | Crossover Foot, Fast Walking Speed | 0.93 Sound step length / Pros. step length |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Ratio Between Sound and Prosthetic Side Step Lengths | Energy Storing Foot, Fast Walking Speed | 0.97 Sound step length / Pros. step length |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Ratio Between Sound and Prosthetic Side Step Lengths | Crossover Foot, Fast Walking Speed | 0.94 Sound step length / Pros. step length |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Ratio Between Sound and Prosthetic Side Step Lengths | Crossover Foot, Slow Walking Speed | 0.87 Sound step length / Pros. step length |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Ratio Between Sound and Prosthetic Side Step Lengths | Energy Storing Foot, Comfortable Walking Speed | 0.92 Sound step length / Pros. step length |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Ratio Between Sound and Prosthetic Side Step Lengths | Energy Storing Foot, Slow Walking Speed | 0.91 Sound step length / Pros. step length |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Ratio Between Sound and Prosthetic Side Step Lengths | Energy Storing Foot, Fast Walking Speed | 0.97 Sound step length / Pros. step length |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Ratio Between Sound and Prosthetic Side Step Lengths | Crossover Foot, Comfortable Walking Speed | 0.91 Sound step length / Pros. step length |
Total Prosthetic Ankle Range of Motion
The change in total angular motion of the ankle in the sagittal plane (e.g., dorsiflexion & plantarflexion) during stance phase between prosthetic feet, in degrees
Time frame: Sessions 3 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 1 wear) and 4 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 2 wear)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Total Prosthetic Ankle Range of Motion | Crossover Foot, Slow Walking Speed | 14.04 degrees |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Total Prosthetic Ankle Range of Motion | Energy Storing Foot, Slow Walking Speed | 7.94 degrees |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Total Prosthetic Ankle Range of Motion | Crossover Foot, Comfortable Walking Speed | 17.91 degrees |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Total Prosthetic Ankle Range of Motion | Energy Storing Foot, Comfortable Walking Speed | 11.17 degrees |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Total Prosthetic Ankle Range of Motion | Crossover Foot, Fast Walking Speed | 16.74 degrees |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Total Prosthetic Ankle Range of Motion | Energy Storing Foot, Fast Walking Speed | 11.91 degrees |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Total Prosthetic Ankle Range of Motion | Crossover Foot, Fast Walking Speed | 17.53 degrees |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Total Prosthetic Ankle Range of Motion | Crossover Foot, Slow Walking Speed | 14.20 degrees |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Total Prosthetic Ankle Range of Motion | Energy Storing Foot, Comfortable Walking Speed | 9.63 degrees |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Total Prosthetic Ankle Range of Motion | Energy Storing Foot, Slow Walking Speed | 9.03 degrees |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Total Prosthetic Ankle Range of Motion | Energy Storing Foot, Fast Walking Speed | 11.20 degrees |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Total Prosthetic Ankle Range of Motion | Crossover Foot, Comfortable Walking Speed | 16.24 degrees |
Change in Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC)
Self-reported measure of balance confidence, the ABC is a single measure, scores range from 0-4, higher scores represent better balance confidence.
Time frame: Sessions 3 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 1 wear) and 4 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 2 wear)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Change in Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC) | Crossover Foot | 3.53 score on a scale |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Change in Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC) | Energy Storing Foot | 3.63 score on a scale |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Change in Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC) | Crossover Foot | 4 score on a scale |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Change in Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC) | Energy Storing Foot | 4 score on a scale |
Change in Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility (PLUS-M) 12-item Short Form Version 1.2
Self-reported measure of mobility, the PLUS-M 12-item Short Form is a single measure, scores range from 17.5-76.6, higher scores represent better mobility.
Time frame: Sessions 3 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 1 wear) and 4 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 2 wear)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Change in Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility (PLUS-M) 12-item Short Form Version 1.2 | Crossover Foot | 64.5 score on a scale |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Change in Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility (PLUS-M) 12-item Short Form Version 1.2 | Energy Storing Foot | 64.5 score on a scale |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Change in Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility (PLUS-M) 12-item Short Form Version 1.2 | Crossover Foot | 71.4 score on a scale |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Change in Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility (PLUS-M) 12-item Short Form Version 1.2 | Energy Storing Foot | 62.5 score on a scale |
Change in Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scales- Revised Aesthetic Satisfaction
Self-reported measures of aesthetic prosthetic satisfaction, scores on items are averaged and range from 0-2, higher values represent more satisfaction (better outcome)
Time frame: Sessions 3 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 1 wear) and 4 (after 2 weeks of prosthesis 2 wear)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Change in Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scales- Revised Aesthetic Satisfaction | Crossover Foot | 0.33 score on a scale |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Change in Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scales- Revised Aesthetic Satisfaction | Energy Storing Foot | 1 score on a scale |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Change in Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scales- Revised Aesthetic Satisfaction | Crossover Foot | 2 score on a scale |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Change in Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scales- Revised Aesthetic Satisfaction | Energy Storing Foot | 1 score on a scale |
Preference Questionnaire
At the end of the study, participants will engage in a preference questionnaire with open-ended follow-up questions to elicit preferences and experiences with both feet. Questions will ask about overall preference, and preference for a range of mobility activities (e.g., Which foot did you prefer overall, and why? and Which foot did you prefer for walking up stairs, and why?).
Time frame: Session 4 (after 4 weeks of prosthesis wear, 2 weeks of prosthesis 1 and 2 weeks of prosthesis 2)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking quickly | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking on inclines | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking on inclines | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking on inclines | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking on declines | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking on declines | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking on declines | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking on declines | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Ascending stairs | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Ascending stairs | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Ascending stairs | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Ascending stairs | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Descending stairs | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Descending stairs | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Descending stairs | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Descending stairs | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking slowly | Prefers Crossover Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking slowly | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking slowly | No preference | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking slowly | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking on inclines | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking quickly | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking quickly | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking quickly | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Running | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Running | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Running | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Running | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking over uneven terrain | Prefers Crossover Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking over uneven terrain | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking over uneven terrain | No preference | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking over uneven terrain | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Standing up from a chair | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Standing up from a chair | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Standing up from a chair | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Standing up from a chair | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Sitting down in a chair | Prefers Crossover Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Sitting down in a chair | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Sitting down in a chair | No preference | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Sitting down in a chair | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Turning on the prosthetic side | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Turning on the prosthetic side | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Turning on the prosthetic side | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Turning on the prosthetic side | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Getting in and out of a car | Prefers Crossover Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Getting in and out of a car | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Getting in and out of a car | No preference | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Getting in and out of a car | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Playing sports | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Playing sports | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Playing sports | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Playing sports | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Standing for long periods | Prefers Crossover Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Standing for long periods | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Standing for long periods | No preference | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Standing for long periods | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking in sand | Prefers Crossover Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking in sand | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking in sand | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking in sand | Not applicable | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking when you can't see your feet | Prefers Crossover Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking when you can't see your feet | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking when you can't see your feet | No preference | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking when you can't see your feet | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking when carrying a heavy load | Prefers Crossover Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking when carrying a heavy load | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking when carrying a heavy load | No preference | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking when carrying a heavy load | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking in small spaces | Prefers Crossover Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking in small spaces | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking in small spaces | No preference | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking in small spaces | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Dancing | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Dancing | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Dancing | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Dancing | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Riding a bicycle | Prefers Crossover Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Riding a bicycle | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Riding a bicycle | No preference | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Crossover Foot, Foot 2: Energy Storing Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Riding a bicycle | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Riding a bicycle | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking on inclines | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Turning on the prosthetic side | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking on inclines | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking when you can't see your feet | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking on inclines | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Turning on the prosthetic side | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking on inclines | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking in small spaces | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking on declines | Prefers Crossover Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Turning on the prosthetic side | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking on declines | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking when you can't see your feet | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking on declines | No preference | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Turning on the prosthetic side | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking on declines | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Dancing | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Ascending stairs | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Getting in and out of a car | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Ascending stairs | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking when you can't see your feet | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Ascending stairs | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Getting in and out of a car | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Ascending stairs | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking in small spaces | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Descending stairs | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Getting in and out of a car | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Descending stairs | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking when you can't see your feet | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Descending stairs | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Getting in and out of a car | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Descending stairs | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Riding a bicycle | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking slowly | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Playing sports | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking slowly | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking when carrying a heavy load | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking slowly | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Playing sports | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking slowly | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Dancing | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking quickly | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Playing sports | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking quickly | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking when carrying a heavy load | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking quickly | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Playing sports | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking quickly | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Riding a bicycle | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Running | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Standing for long periods | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Running | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking when carrying a heavy load | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Running | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Standing for long periods | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Running | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Dancing | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking over uneven terrain | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Standing for long periods | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking over uneven terrain | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking when carrying a heavy load | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking over uneven terrain | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Standing for long periods | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking over uneven terrain | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Riding a bicycle | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Standing up from a chair | Prefers Crossover Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking in sand | Prefers Crossover Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Standing up from a chair | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking in small spaces | Prefers Crossover Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Standing up from a chair | No preference | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking in sand | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Standing up from a chair | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Dancing | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Sitting down in a chair | Prefers Crossover Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking in sand | No preference | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Sitting down in a chair | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking in small spaces | Prefers Energy Storing Foot | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Sitting down in a chair | No preference | 1 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Walking in sand | Not applicable | 0 Participants |
| Foot 1: Energy Storing Foot, Foot 2: Crossover Foot | Preference Questionnaire | Sitting down in a chair | Not applicable | 0 Participants |