Stress, Psychological
Conditions
Keywords
physical activity, walking, moderate intensity, acute intervention
Brief summary
The purpose of this acute randomized control study is to assess the feasibility of a low-to-moderate intensity Yoga intervention (i.e. sun salutations), and examine its effect on cognitive functioning, compared to engaging in aerobic activity or seated rest. Participants will include individuals who are currently experiencing symptoms of psychosocial stress or general anxiety.
Detailed description
Eligible participants will be randomized to one of three groups: 1. Sun salutations (Yoga), 2. Aerobic exercise (walking on a treadmill), 3. Seated rest (watching educational videos). Each activity will be 30 minutes in duration. Immediately before and after the 30 minute intervention, participants will undergo psychosocial and cognitive assessments. Prior to the intervention, participant's physical activity will be tracked for one week, via a consumer grade accelerometer. Baseline and post-intervention testing will include a cognitive battery, psychosocial questionnaires, flexibility testing and physiological measures.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALSun salutations
This group will be asked to participate in 25 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity Yoga. This acute session will include engaging in sun salutations, breathing exercises and relaxation. Sun salutations involves performing 10 postures in a particular sequence, and then repeating that sequence. Some of the positions include bending over and touching one's toes, and lying belly-down on the ground and pushing up from ground while arching backwards. The activity will begin as a low intensity activity for the first 5 minutes, and the intensity will be gradually increased. Participants' heart rate will be measured before and after the intervention. The intervention will be delivered by a video displayed on a tablet device. An orientation session in the beginning will familiarize participants with the activity.
BEHAVIORALAerobic exercise
This group will be asked to walk on the treadmill for the same amount of time (i.e. 25 minutes) at a moderate intensity (50-70% of their maximum heart rate). Participants will receive an initial 5-minute orientation and then begin at a self-selected speed for the first 5 minutes. Heart rate will be measured and monitored by an undergraduate research assistant. Speed will be increased after 5 minutes if participants have not reached the moderate zone. If participants still have not reached the target heart rate zone by the 10-min mark, the incline of the treadmill will be increased by a 5% grade until the zone is reached.
BEHAVIORALSeated rest
This group will be watching educational videos for the same amount of time as the intervention groups. An orientation session of 5 minutes will be held in the beginning. Participants will be watching videos on general health related topics, such as healthy eating, while being seated in a quiet room, free of distractions.
Sponsors
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE (Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 45 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Anyone between the ages of 18-45 years * Anyone with a score of 3 or higher on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder symptom checklist of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5. That is, anyone meeting 3 or more symptoms, on more days of the week than not, for the past 6 months: 1\. Restlessness, feeling keyed up or on edge. 2. Being easily fatigued. 3. Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank. 4. Irritability. 5. Muscle tension. 6. Sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless, unsatisfying sleep). * Ability to exercise at moderate to vigorous activity levels (defined as 50%-75% of the adjusted age-predicted maximum heart rate) * Access to a smartphone and willingness to allow research staff to install a mobile activity tracker application (and space to allow for installation) * Willingness to be randomized into one of three groups
Exclusion criteria
* Anyone who is physically active (≥30 minutes, 2 or more times/week, for the last 3 months) and/or a regular practitioner of Yoga or mind-body activities (≥30 minutes, 2 or more times/week, for the last 3 months). * Anyone with serious chronic medical conditions that would preclude them from participating without a physician present, or anyone with a risk of seizure, or anyone having psychiatric and/or neurological disorders. * Anyone who does not consent to wearing the Fitbit, or does not have a smartphone that allows us to download an app on their phone. * Pregnant women. * Anyone incapable of performing the following movements at a moderate intensity- sitting, standing, kicking, pulling, pushing, bending one's elbows, bending the body forward, bending one's knees, lying down and getting up. * Anyone with blood pressure of 200/105 or more, and anyone who scores 1 or more on the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire * Anyone refusing or unwilling to be randomized into either of the conditions.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| N-back Task (Working Memory) | Change from baseline performance on the n-back at 30 minutes | This is a computerized task measuring the working memory domain of cognition. The task had 3 conditions, namely, 0-back, 1-back and 2-back. Participants are presented with a series of stimuli one after the other. They have to decide whether the stimulus currently presented is the same as the stimulus presented n items before. For the 1-back task, participants have to decide whether the stimulus matches the stimulus presented 1 earlier. For the 2- back task, they have to decide whether the stimulus matches the stimulus presented 2 earlier. Reaction time and accuracy of the response are recorded. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Digit Symbol Substitution Test (Processing Speed) | Change from baseline performance at 30 minutes | In this task, participants are presented with a code key, in which numbers 1-9 are matched with a unique symbol. Then, they are presented with a sheet of paper having a series of symbols on it. Using the codekey, participants have to read aloud, the numbers that the symbols are associated with, in 2 minutes. The accuracy is recorded. |
| State Trait Anxiety Questionnaire | Change from baseline performance at 30 minutes | This questionnaire has 20 items for assessing state anxiety. Participants respond on a 4-point scale (Not at all to Very much so). Composite is calculated by summing the items. Range: 20 (min) - 80 (max). Higher scores indicate greater anxiety. |
| Visual Analog Scale for Stress | Change from baseline performance at 30 minutes | Participants have to indicate how stressed they are currently feeling on a scale ranging from 0 (none) to 100 (as bad as it gets). Higher scores mean more stress. |
| Perceived Mental Fatigue | Change from baseline performance at 30 minutes | Participants self rate their present moment feelings on a scale from 1 - 5 (1=not true at all, 5=very true) yielding a mean score across all 7 items, with higher scores indicating greater mental fatigue. Range for composite score: 1 (min) - 5 (max). |
| Focus of Attention | Day 1 | Participants are asked to self rate (1 item) their focus of attention while engaged in the previous activity. Responses range from 0 (Internal thoughts) to 10 (external thoughts), with higher scores representing external focus of attention. Range: 0 (min)- 10 (max). |
| Trail Making Test A and B (Global Cognition) | Change from baseline performance at 30 minutes | This is a paper pencil task having 2 parts- Trails A and Trails B, with Trails B being more complex. In Trails A, there are 25 circles on a piece of paper numbered 1-25. Participants have to join these numbers in ascending order, as quickly as they can, without lifting their pencil. In Trails B, the participants have to join 25 circles in an ascending order, but they have to alternate between numbers and letters (1-A-2-B-3-C). Time to complete the task correctly is recorded. |
| Heart Rate | Change from baseline performance at 30 minutes | Participants' heart rate will be measured using an oxymeter. |
| Rating of Perceived Exertion | Day 1 | Participants are asked to self rate their feeling of exertion on a 1-item question (11 point scale), ranging from 6 (no exertion) to 20 (maximal exertion), for the activity they were engaged in during the intervention. Range: 6 (min) to 20 (max). |
| Rating of Enjoyment and Intervention | Day 1 | Participants will rate their enjoyment in terms of the delivery method and the intervention. This will include questions such as 'Did you like the video instruction for sun salutations?', 'Would you recommend this activity to your family and friends?' Participants had a dichotomous response choice of yes or no. A composite score was calculated as an average across X items. Range of the composite score: 0 to 1. A higher score indicates higher enjoyment. |
| Rating of Technology Ease of Use and Usability | Day 1 | Participants from the yoga group only will rate the technology used to deliver the intervention, in terms of its ease of use and usability. The items are based on the Technology Acceptance Model and will include questions such as 'The Yoga video was clear and understandable.' Response ranges from 1 to 6, and a composite score is reported as an average of the responses. Range of the composite score: 1 (min) - 6 (max). Higher scores represent better technology usability. |
| Feeling Scale | Change from baseline performance at 30 minutes | This scale measures how a participant is feeling at the present moment (valence) after a bout of exercise. It is an 11-point one-item measure ranging from +5 (very good) to -5 (very bad). Higher scores represent positive affect. Range: -55 (min) to 55 (max). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Sun Salutations Sun salutations, breathing exercises, and relaxation, at a low to moderate intensity, for 30 minutes.
Sun salutations: This group will be asked to participate in 25 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity Yoga. This acute session will include engaging in sun salutations, breathing exercises and relaxation. Sun salutations involves performing 10 postures in a particular sequence, and then repeating that sequence. Some of the positions include bending over and touching one's toes, and lying belly-down on the ground and pushing up from ground while arching backwards. The activity will begin as a low intensity activity for the first 5 minutes, and the intensity will be gradually increased. Participants' heart rate will be measured before and after the intervention. The intervention will be delivered by a video displayed on a tablet device. An orientation session in the beginning will familiarize participants with the activity. | 25 |
| Aerobic Exercise Walking on a treadmill at low to moderate intensity for 30 minutes.
Aerobic exercise: This group will be asked to walk on the treadmill for the same amount of time (i.e. 25 minutes) at a moderate intensity (50-70% of their maximum heart rate). Participants will receive an initial 5-minute orientation and then begin at a self-selected speed for the first 5 minutes. Heart rate will be measured and monitored by an undergraduate research assistant. Speed will be increased after 5 minutes if participants have not reached the moderate zone. If participants still have not reached the target heart rate zone by the 10-min mark, the incline of the treadmill will be increased by a 5% grade until the zone is reached. | 22 |
| Seated Rest (Attentional Control) Watching educational videos for 30 minutes.
Seated rest: This group will be watching educational videos for the same amount of time as the intervention groups. An orientation session of 5 minutes will be held in the beginning. Participants will be watching videos on general health related topics, such as healthy eating, while being seated in a quiet room, free of distractions. | 24 |
| Total | 71 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Sun Salutations | Aerobic Exercise | Seated Rest (Attentional Control) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 29.19 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.6 | 28.39 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.83 | 25.93 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.16 | 27.84 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.85 |
| N-back Task (Working Memory) | 960.72 milliseconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 195.07 | 1000 milliseconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 190.18 | 1002.11 milliseconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 265.65 | 987.19 milliseconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 217.88 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized African American | 2 Participants | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Asian | 10 Participants | 5 Participants | 2 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Caucasian | 11 Participants | 12 Participants | 17 Participants | 40 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Other | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 22 Participants | 20 Participants | 20 Participants | 62 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 4 Participants | 9 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 25 | 0 / 22 | 0 / 24 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 25 | 0 / 22 | 0 / 24 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 25 | 0 / 22 | 0 / 24 |
Outcome results
Primary
N-back Task (Working Memory)
This is a computerized task measuring the working memory domain of cognition. The task had 3 conditions, namely, 0-back, 1-back and 2-back. Participants are presented with a series of stimuli one after the other. They have to decide whether the stimulus currently presented is the same as the stimulus presented n items before. For the 1-back task, participants have to decide whether the stimulus matches the stimulus presented 1 earlier. For the 2- back task, they have to decide whether the stimulus matches the stimulus presented 2 earlier. Reaction time and accuracy of the response are recorded.
Time frame: Change from baseline performance on the n-back at 30 minutes
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sun Salutations | N-back Task (Working Memory) | 827.50 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 171.96 |
| Aerobic Exercise | N-back Task (Working Memory) | 844.26 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 214.36 |
| Seated Rest (Attentional Control) | N-back Task (Working Memory) | 832.60 Milliseconds | Standard Deviation 217.52 |
Secondary
Digit Symbol Substitution Test (Processing Speed)
In this task, participants are presented with a code key, in which numbers 1-9 are matched with a unique symbol. Then, they are presented with a sheet of paper having a series of symbols on it. Using the codekey, participants have to read aloud, the numbers that the symbols are associated with, in 2 minutes. The accuracy is recorded.
Time frame: Change from baseline performance at 30 minutes
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sun Salutations | Digit Symbol Substitution Test (Processing Speed) | 108.52 Correct responses | Standard Deviation 16.73 |
| Aerobic Exercise | Digit Symbol Substitution Test (Processing Speed) | 116.23 Correct responses | Standard Deviation 12.17 |
| Seated Rest (Attentional Control) | Digit Symbol Substitution Test (Processing Speed) | 120.71 Correct responses | Standard Deviation 18.41 |
Secondary
Feeling Scale
This scale measures how a participant is feeling at the present moment (valence) after a bout of exercise. It is an 11-point one-item measure ranging from +5 (very good) to -5 (very bad). Higher scores represent positive affect. Range: -55 (min) to 55 (max).
Time frame: Change from baseline performance at 30 minutes
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sun Salutations | Feeling Scale | 3.68 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.09 |
| Aerobic Exercise | Feeling Scale | 2.55 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.26 |
| Seated Rest (Attentional Control) | Feeling Scale | 3.21 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.64 |
Secondary
Focus of Attention
Participants are asked to self rate (1 item) their focus of attention while engaged in the previous activity. Responses range from 0 (Internal thoughts) to 10 (external thoughts), with higher scores representing external focus of attention. Range: 0 (min)- 10 (max).
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sun Salutations | Focus of Attention | 7.84 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.75 |
| Aerobic Exercise | Focus of Attention | 2.73 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.48 |
| Seated Rest (Attentional Control) | Focus of Attention | 5.42 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.02 |
Secondary
Heart Rate
Participants' heart rate will be measured using an oxymeter.
Time frame: Change from baseline performance at 30 minutes
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sun Salutations | Heart Rate | 100.24 beats per minute | Standard Deviation 14.4 |
| Aerobic Exercise | Heart Rate | 119.27 beats per minute | Standard Deviation 6.54 |
| Seated Rest (Attentional Control) | Heart Rate | 69.63 beats per minute | Standard Deviation 8.41 |
Secondary
Perceived Mental Fatigue
Participants self rate their present moment feelings on a scale from 1 - 5 (1=not true at all, 5=very true) yielding a mean score across all 7 items, with higher scores indicating greater mental fatigue. Range for composite score: 1 (min) - 5 (max).
Time frame: Change from baseline performance at 30 minutes
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sun Salutations | Perceived Mental Fatigue | 1.87 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.59 |
| Aerobic Exercise | Perceived Mental Fatigue | 2.01 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.69 |
| Seated Rest (Attentional Control) | Perceived Mental Fatigue | 2.29 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
Secondary
Rating of Enjoyment and Intervention
Participants will rate their enjoyment in terms of the delivery method and the intervention. This will include questions such as 'Did you like the video instruction for sun salutations?', 'Would you recommend this activity to your family and friends?' Participants had a dichotomous response choice of yes or no. A composite score was calculated as an average across X items. Range of the composite score: 0 to 1. A higher score indicates higher enjoyment.
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sun Salutations | Rating of Enjoyment and Intervention | .74 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.13 |
Secondary
Rating of Perceived Exertion
Participants are asked to self rate their feeling of exertion on a 1-item question (11 point scale), ranging from 6 (no exertion) to 20 (maximal exertion), for the activity they were engaged in during the intervention. Range: 6 (min) to 20 (max).
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sun Salutations | Rating of Perceived Exertion | 11.24 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.16 |
| Aerobic Exercise | Rating of Perceived Exertion | 11.73 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.14 |
| Seated Rest (Attentional Control) | Rating of Perceived Exertion | 7.63 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.39 |
Secondary
Rating of Technology Ease of Use and Usability
Participants from the yoga group only will rate the technology used to deliver the intervention, in terms of its ease of use and usability. The items are based on the Technology Acceptance Model and will include questions such as 'The Yoga video was clear and understandable.' Response ranges from 1 to 6, and a composite score is reported as an average of the responses. Range of the composite score: 1 (min) - 6 (max). Higher scores represent better technology usability.
Time frame: Day 1
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sun Salutations | Rating of Technology Ease of Use and Usability | 5.87 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.03 |
Secondary
State Trait Anxiety Questionnaire
This questionnaire has 20 items for assessing state anxiety. Participants respond on a 4-point scale (Not at all to Very much so). Composite is calculated by summing the items. Range: 20 (min) - 80 (max). Higher scores indicate greater anxiety.
Time frame: Change from baseline performance at 30 minutes
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sun Salutations | State Trait Anxiety Questionnaire | 30.04 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 7 |
| Aerobic Exercise | State Trait Anxiety Questionnaire | 35.95 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.93 |
| Seated Rest (Attentional Control) | State Trait Anxiety Questionnaire | 36.00 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.24 |
Secondary
Trail Making Test A and B (Global Cognition)
This is a paper pencil task having 2 parts- Trails A and Trails B, with Trails B being more complex. In Trails A, there are 25 circles on a piece of paper numbered 1-25. Participants have to join these numbers in ascending order, as quickly as they can, without lifting their pencil. In Trails B, the participants have to join 25 circles in an ascending order, but they have to alternate between numbers and letters (1-A-2-B-3-C). Time to complete the task correctly is recorded.
Time frame: Change from baseline performance at 30 minutes
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sun Salutations | Trail Making Test A and B (Global Cognition) | 43.21 seconds | Standard Deviation 11.12 |
| Aerobic Exercise | Trail Making Test A and B (Global Cognition) | 39.18 seconds | Standard Deviation 8.5 |
| Seated Rest (Attentional Control) | Trail Making Test A and B (Global Cognition) | 40.72 seconds | Standard Deviation 10.28 |
Secondary
Visual Analog Scale for Stress
Participants have to indicate how stressed they are currently feeling on a scale ranging from 0 (none) to 100 (as bad as it gets). Higher scores mean more stress.
Time frame: Change from baseline performance at 30 minutes
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sun Salutations | Visual Analog Scale for Stress | 21.08 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 17.22 |
| Aerobic Exercise | Visual Analog Scale for Stress | 28.82 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 25.56 |
| Seated Rest (Attentional Control) | Visual Analog Scale for Stress | 38.21 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 21.54 |