Adolescent Drinking, Adolescent Problem Behavior
Conditions
Keywords
Adolescent, Alcohol, Marijuana, Mindfulness
Brief summary
Substance-abusing youth - especially those who are involved in the juvenile justice system - are at higher risk than nonusers for mental health problems, including depression, conduct problems, personality disorders, suicidal thoughts, attempted suicide, and completed suicide. The proposed Phase II project aims to develop and test the efficacy of a mobile app, called Qlarity, that is geared toward helping high risk adolescent substance users reduce or quit their substance use. The Qlarity app is based on the primary substance use cessation components tested in our previous work with juvenile justice-involved adolescents and on intervention components shown to be central to smoking cessation; it applies a mindfulness approach as the guiding framework for the intervention.
Detailed description
There is growing evidence that interventions based on mindfulness have been an efficacious intervention for a variety of problems, including substance use among adolescents. We propose to adapt and test the feasibility and efficacy of a smart phone application (app) intervention prototype that would help adolescent substance users reduce or quit their substance use through the development of stress reduction, emotion regulation, and mindfulness skills. During the development process, 20 high-risk adolescents will be recruited for participation in focus groups and usability testing of early versions of the app; their initial reactions to content and functionality will help guide final iterations. Qlarity is a twelve module program, and each module consists of a teaching component and a practice component. Modules take 5 minutes or less to complete. Module topics include developing an awareness of mind and body states, mindful decision making, and maintaining sobriety. In this study, the Qlarity app will be evaluated with 400 high risk adolescents that are involved in the juvenile justice system; the first 20 adolescents will be involved in the development process and the remaining 380 participants will be randomly and equally assigned to the Qlarity condition (n = 190) or the Department of Youth Services standard treatment condition (n = 190). Youth will be assessed at baseline and will be instructed to attempt to reduce substance use with a target quit date of 28 days in the future. The Qlarity group will receive instructions for using the app in the 28 days following baseline. All youth will complete 1 and 3 month follow-ups. Assessments will consist of online surveys asking about substance use, emotion regulation, family demographics, and mindfulness practices. The Qlarity group will also be asked for their thoughts and opinions on the app. Biochemical verification of self-reported substance use, a urine sample, will be collected at each interview.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALQlarity app users
Use of the Qlarity app involves completing 12 modules and 12 practice sessions over 30 days.
Sponsors
Oregon Research Behavioral Intervention Strategies, Inc.
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Intervention model description
This study will recruit 400 adolescents to test an app designed to increase mindfulness skills and reduce substance use. Participants will be randomly assigned in equal numbers to the intervention group (and will use the app) or the control group.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
13 Years to 18 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* any gender, age 13-18 * recent involvement with juvenile justice system * documented substance use * English speaking * living in the community (e.g., with biological/adoptive/foster parents)
Exclusion criteria
* non-English speaking
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Participants With Marijuana Use | Baseline, 3 months | An EZ Split Key 10 panel cup was used to detect marijuana in a urine sample. |
| Number of Participants With Prescribed Drugs Use | Baseline, 3 months | An EZ Split Key 10 panel cup was used to detect prescribed drugs in a urine sample. |
| Number of Participants With Hard Drug Use | Baseline, 3 months | An EZ Split Key 10 panel cup was used to detect hard drugs in a urine sample. |
| Change in Adolescent Use of Cigarettes | Baseline, 1 month, 3 months | Change in nicotine use (frequency of use and amount consumed) as measured by Youth Substance Use Interview |
| Change in Adolescent Use of Alcohol | Baseline, 1 month, 3 months | Change in alcohol use (frequency of use and amount consumed) as measured by Youth Substance Use Interview |
| Change in Adolescent Use of Marijuana | Baseline, 1 month, 3 months | Change in marijuana use (frequency of use and amount consumed) as measured by Youth Substance Use Interview |
| Change in Adolescent Use of Other Recreational Substances | Baseline, 1 month, 3 months | Change in use of hard drugs as measured by the Youth Substance Use Interview |
| Change in Ability to Limit Substance Use | Baseline, 1 month, 3 months | Self-efficacy for limiting substance use consists of 6 items that assess the ability to abstain from drug use. Response options range from 0 = cannot do at all to 10 = certainly can do. A sum score was computed and thus, values can range between 0 and 60. Higher scores indicate greater ability to abstain |
| Change in Emotion Regulation | Baseline, 1 month, 3 months | Emotion Regulation is measured by the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Emotional regulation was assessed with a 5-point response option (1 = almost never, 5 = almost always). A sum score was computed and thus, values can range between 1 and 55. A higher score indicates greater levels of emotional regulation. |
| Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Observing Subscale | Baseline, 1 month, 3 months | Mindfulness is measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness was assessed with a 5-point response option (1 = never or very rarely true, 5 = every often or always true) and sum scores were computed for each subscale. Subscales include observing (8 items), describing (8 items), acting with awareness (8 items), non-judging of inner experience (8 items), and non-reactivity to inner experience (7 items). Score could range from 8 to 40 for all subscales other than reactivity to inner experience which could range from 7 to 35. A higher score indicates greater levels of mindfulness. |
| Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Describing Subscale | Baseline, 1 month, 3 months | Mindfulness is measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness was assessed with a 5-point response option (1 = never or very rarely true, 5 = every often or always true) and sum scores were computed for each subscale. Subscales include observing (8 items), describing (8 items), acting with awareness (8 items), non-judging of inner experience (8 items), and non-reactivity to inner experience (7 items). Score could range from 8 to 40 for all subscales other than reactivity to inner experience which could range from 7 to 35. A higher score indicates greater levels of mindfulness. |
| Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Acting With Awareness Subscale | Baseline, 1 month, 2 months | Mindfulness is measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness was assessed with a 5-point response option (1 = never or very rarely true, 5 = every often or always true) and sum scores were computed for each subscale. Subscales include observing (8 items), describing (8 items), acting with awareness (8 items), non-judging of inner experience (8 items), and non-reactivity to inner experience (7 items). Score could range from 8 to 40 for all subscales other than reactivity to inner experience which could range from 7 to 35. A higher score indicates greater levels of mindfulness. |
| Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Non-judging of Inner Experience Subscale | Baseline, 1 month, 3 months | Mindfulness is measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness was assessed with a 5-point response option (1 = never or very rarely true, 5 = every often or always true) and sum scores were computed for each subscale. Subscales include observing (8 items), describing (8 items), acting with awareness (8 items), non-judging of inner experience (8 items), and non-reactivity to inner experience (7 items). Score could range from 8 to 40 for all subscales other than reactivity to inner experience which could range from 7 to 35. A higher score indicates greater levels of mindfulness. |
| Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Non-reactivity to Inner Experience Subscale | Baseline, 1 month, 3 months | Mindfulness is measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness was assessed with a 5-point response option (1 = never or very rarely true, 5 = every often or always true) and sum scores were computed for each subscale. Subscales include observing (8 items), describing (8 items), acting with awareness (8 items), non-judging of inner experience (8 items), and non-reactivity to inner experience (7 items). Score could range from 8 to 40 for all subscales other than reactivity to inner experience which could range from 7 to 35. A higher score indicates greater levels of mindfulness. |
| Change in Attitude Toward Substance Use - Beliefs and Consequences Subscale | Baseline, 1 month, 3 months | Change in attitude related to drug use is measured with Adolescent Attitudes toward Substance Use. Subscales are (1) Beliefs and Consequences (9 items) and (2) Lifestyle and Value incompatibility (5 items). Response options were 0 to 10. Standardized scores were computed and values could range from -2.0 to 2.0. Higher scores represent more prosocial attitudes. |
| Change in Attitudes Towards Substance Use - Lifestyle and Value Incompatibility Subscale | Baseline, 1 month, 3 months | Change in attitude related to drug use is measured with Adolescent Attitudes toward Substance Use. Subscales are (1) Beliefs and Consequences (9 items) and (2) Lifestyle and Value incompatibility (5 items). Response options were 0 to 10. Standardized scores were computed and values could range from -2.0 to 2.0. Higher scores represent more prosocial attitudes. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Intervention This group will be asked to use the Qlarity app daily in the month following the baseline assessment. This group will also receive services as usual from the Department of Youth Services.
Qlarity app users: Use of the Qlarity app involves completing 12 modules and 12 practice sessions over 30 days. | 129 |
| Services as Usual This group will receive services as usual from the Department of Youth Services. | 128 |
| Total | 257 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 41 | 22 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Services as Usual | Total | Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 15.23 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.68 | 15.26 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.64 | 15.30 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.62 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 4 Participants | 8 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 14 Participants | 23 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 14 Participants | 26 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 11 Participants | 18 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 81 Participants | 177 Participants | 96 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 51 Participants | 101 Participants | 50 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 77 Participants | 156 Participants | 79 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 129 | 0 / 128 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 129 | 0 / 128 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 129 | 0 / 128 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Ability to Limit Substance Use
Self-efficacy for limiting substance use consists of 6 items that assess the ability to abstain from drug use. Response options range from 0 = cannot do at all to 10 = certainly can do. A sum score was computed and thus, values can range between 0 and 60. Higher scores indicate greater ability to abstain
Time frame: Baseline, 1 month, 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Change in Ability to Limit Substance Use | Baseline | 46.60 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.72 |
| Intervention | Change in Ability to Limit Substance Use | 1 month | 47.08 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.63 |
| Intervention | Change in Ability to Limit Substance Use | 3 months | 44.36 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.84 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Ability to Limit Substance Use | Baseline | 43.34 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.23 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Ability to Limit Substance Use | 1 month | 47.27 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.2 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Ability to Limit Substance Use | 3 months | 46.49 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.57 |
p-value: 0.005t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Change in Adolescent Use of Alcohol
Change in alcohol use (frequency of use and amount consumed) as measured by Youth Substance Use Interview
Time frame: Baseline, 1 month, 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Change in Adolescent Use of Alcohol | Baseline | 23 Participants |
| Intervention | Change in Adolescent Use of Alcohol | 1 month | 10 Participants |
| Intervention | Change in Adolescent Use of Alcohol | 3 months | 18 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Change in Adolescent Use of Alcohol | Baseline | 15 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Change in Adolescent Use of Alcohol | 1 month | 12 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Change in Adolescent Use of Alcohol | 3 months | 17 Participants |
p-value: 0.6595% CI: [0.58, 2.42]Chi-squared
Primary
Change in Adolescent Use of Cigarettes
Change in nicotine use (frequency of use and amount consumed) as measured by Youth Substance Use Interview
Time frame: Baseline, 1 month, 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Change in Adolescent Use of Cigarettes | 3 month | 16 Participants |
| Intervention | Change in Adolescent Use of Cigarettes | Baseline | 20 Participants |
| Intervention | Change in Adolescent Use of Cigarettes | 1 month | 13 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Change in Adolescent Use of Cigarettes | 3 month | 13 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Change in Adolescent Use of Cigarettes | Baseline | 14 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Change in Adolescent Use of Cigarettes | 1 month | 12 Participants |
p-value: 0.68195% CI: [0.5, 2.87]Chi-squared
Primary
Change in Adolescent Use of Marijuana
Change in marijuana use (frequency of use and amount consumed) as measured by Youth Substance Use Interview
Time frame: Baseline, 1 month, 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Change in Adolescent Use of Marijuana | Baseline | 52 Participants |
| Intervention | Change in Adolescent Use of Marijuana | 1 month | 29 Participants |
| Intervention | Change in Adolescent Use of Marijuana | 3 months | 40 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Change in Adolescent Use of Marijuana | Baseline | 35 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Change in Adolescent Use of Marijuana | 1 month | 35 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Change in Adolescent Use of Marijuana | 3 months | 35 Participants |
p-value: 0.30495% CI: [0.73, 2.73]Chi-squared
Primary
Change in Adolescent Use of Other Recreational Substances
Change in use of hard drugs as measured by the Youth Substance Use Interview
Time frame: Baseline, 1 month, 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Change in Adolescent Use of Other Recreational Substances | Baseline | 52 Participants |
| Intervention | Change in Adolescent Use of Other Recreational Substances | 1 month | 16 Participants |
| Intervention | Change in Adolescent Use of Other Recreational Substances | 3 months | 18 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Change in Adolescent Use of Other Recreational Substances | Baseline | 54 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Change in Adolescent Use of Other Recreational Substances | 1 month | 17 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Change in Adolescent Use of Other Recreational Substances | 3 months | 17 Participants |
p-value: 0.9795% CI: [0.69, 3]Chi-squared
Primary
Change in Attitudes Towards Substance Use - Lifestyle and Value Incompatibility Subscale
Change in attitude related to drug use is measured with Adolescent Attitudes toward Substance Use. Subscales are (1) Beliefs and Consequences (9 items) and (2) Lifestyle and Value incompatibility (5 items). Response options were 0 to 10. Standardized scores were computed and values could range from -2.0 to 2.0. Higher scores represent more prosocial attitudes.
Time frame: Baseline, 1 month, 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Change in Attitudes Towards Substance Use - Lifestyle and Value Incompatibility Subscale | Baseline | -0.04 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| Intervention | Change in Attitudes Towards Substance Use - Lifestyle and Value Incompatibility Subscale | 1 month | -0.01 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Intervention | Change in Attitudes Towards Substance Use - Lifestyle and Value Incompatibility Subscale | 3 months | -0.04 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Attitudes Towards Substance Use - Lifestyle and Value Incompatibility Subscale | Baseline | -0.01 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Attitudes Towards Substance Use - Lifestyle and Value Incompatibility Subscale | 1 month | -0.02 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Attitudes Towards Substance Use - Lifestyle and Value Incompatibility Subscale | 3 months | 0.03 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
p-value: 0.783t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Change in Attitude Toward Substance Use - Beliefs and Consequences Subscale
Change in attitude related to drug use is measured with Adolescent Attitudes toward Substance Use. Subscales are (1) Beliefs and Consequences (9 items) and (2) Lifestyle and Value incompatibility (5 items). Response options were 0 to 10. Standardized scores were computed and values could range from -2.0 to 2.0. Higher scores represent more prosocial attitudes.
Time frame: Baseline, 1 month, 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Change in Attitude Toward Substance Use - Beliefs and Consequences Subscale | Baseline | -0.04 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Intervention | Change in Attitude Toward Substance Use - Beliefs and Consequences Subscale | 1 month | 0.01 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.53 |
| Intervention | Change in Attitude Toward Substance Use - Beliefs and Consequences Subscale | 3 months | -0.00 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Attitude Toward Substance Use - Beliefs and Consequences Subscale | Baseline | 0.05 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Attitude Toward Substance Use - Beliefs and Consequences Subscale | 1 month | -0.01 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.49 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Attitude Toward Substance Use - Beliefs and Consequences Subscale | 3 months | 0.03 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.52 |
p-value: 0.658t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Change in Emotion Regulation
Emotion Regulation is measured by the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Emotional regulation was assessed with a 5-point response option (1 = almost never, 5 = almost always). A sum score was computed and thus, values can range between 1 and 55. A higher score indicates greater levels of emotional regulation.
Time frame: Baseline, 1 month, 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Change in Emotion Regulation | Baseline | 30.93 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 26.75 |
| Intervention | Change in Emotion Regulation | 1 month | 31.28 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 24.71 |
| Intervention | Change in Emotion Regulation | 3 months | 28.23 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 25.44 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Emotion Regulation | Baseline | 30.38 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 25.88 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Emotion Regulation | 1 month | 34.87 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 24.05 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Emotion Regulation | 3 months | 30.31 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 25.89 |
p-value: 0.46t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Acting With Awareness Subscale
Mindfulness is measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness was assessed with a 5-point response option (1 = never or very rarely true, 5 = every often or always true) and sum scores were computed for each subscale. Subscales include observing (8 items), describing (8 items), acting with awareness (8 items), non-judging of inner experience (8 items), and non-reactivity to inner experience (7 items). Score could range from 8 to 40 for all subscales other than reactivity to inner experience which could range from 7 to 35. A higher score indicates greater levels of mindfulness.
Time frame: Baseline, 1 month, 2 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Acting With Awareness Subscale | Baseline | 21.86 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.88 |
| Intervention | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Acting With Awareness Subscale | 1 month | 21.93 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.02 |
| Intervention | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Acting With Awareness Subscale | 3 months | 22.49 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.73 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Acting With Awareness Subscale | Baseline | 22.16 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.07 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Acting With Awareness Subscale | 1 month | 23.38 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.16 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Acting With Awareness Subscale | 3 months | 22.88 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.35 |
p-value: 0.456t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Describing Subscale
Mindfulness is measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness was assessed with a 5-point response option (1 = never or very rarely true, 5 = every often or always true) and sum scores were computed for each subscale. Subscales include observing (8 items), describing (8 items), acting with awareness (8 items), non-judging of inner experience (8 items), and non-reactivity to inner experience (7 items). Score could range from 8 to 40 for all subscales other than reactivity to inner experience which could range from 7 to 35. A higher score indicates greater levels of mindfulness.
Time frame: Baseline, 1 month, 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Describing Subscale | Baseline | 24.14 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.45 |
| Intervention | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Describing Subscale | 1 month | 23.63 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.15 |
| Intervention | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Describing Subscale | 3 months | 24.22 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.68 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Describing Subscale | Baseline | 23.39 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.61 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Describing Subscale | 1 month | 23.26 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.81 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Describing Subscale | 3 months | 23.41 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.67 |
p-value: 0.977t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Non-judging of Inner Experience Subscale
Mindfulness is measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness was assessed with a 5-point response option (1 = never or very rarely true, 5 = every often or always true) and sum scores were computed for each subscale. Subscales include observing (8 items), describing (8 items), acting with awareness (8 items), non-judging of inner experience (8 items), and non-reactivity to inner experience (7 items). Score could range from 8 to 40 for all subscales other than reactivity to inner experience which could range from 7 to 35. A higher score indicates greater levels of mindfulness.
Time frame: Baseline, 1 month, 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Non-judging of Inner Experience Subscale | Baseline | 25.62 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.98 |
| Intervention | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Non-judging of Inner Experience Subscale | 1 month | 26.49 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.29 |
| Intervention | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Non-judging of Inner Experience Subscale | 3 months | 25.57 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.65 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Non-judging of Inner Experience Subscale | 3 months | 25.55 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.69 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Non-judging of Inner Experience Subscale | Baseline | 25.53 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.26 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Non-judging of Inner Experience Subscale | 1 month | 25.49 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.67 |
p-value: 0.874t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Non-reactivity to Inner Experience Subscale
Mindfulness is measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness was assessed with a 5-point response option (1 = never or very rarely true, 5 = every often or always true) and sum scores were computed for each subscale. Subscales include observing (8 items), describing (8 items), acting with awareness (8 items), non-judging of inner experience (8 items), and non-reactivity to inner experience (7 items). Score could range from 8 to 40 for all subscales other than reactivity to inner experience which could range from 7 to 35. A higher score indicates greater levels of mindfulness.
Time frame: Baseline, 1 month, 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Non-reactivity to Inner Experience Subscale | Baseline | 19.97 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.6 |
| Intervention | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Non-reactivity to Inner Experience Subscale | 1 month | 20.21 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.16 |
| Intervention | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Non-reactivity to Inner Experience Subscale | 2 month | 21.07 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.72 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Non-reactivity to Inner Experience Subscale | Baseline | 19.72 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.56 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Non-reactivity to Inner Experience Subscale | 1 month | 19.60 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.93 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Non-reactivity to Inner Experience Subscale | 2 month | 19.59 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.71 |
p-value: 0.069t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Observing Subscale
Mindfulness is measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness was assessed with a 5-point response option (1 = never or very rarely true, 5 = every often or always true) and sum scores were computed for each subscale. Subscales include observing (8 items), describing (8 items), acting with awareness (8 items), non-judging of inner experience (8 items), and non-reactivity to inner experience (7 items). Score could range from 8 to 40 for all subscales other than reactivity to inner experience which could range from 7 to 35. A higher score indicates greater levels of mindfulness.
Time frame: Baseline, 1 month, 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Observing Subscale | Baseline | 25.57 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.55 |
| Intervention | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Observing Subscale | Pretest | 25.29 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.15 |
| Intervention | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Observing Subscale | Posttest | 25.91 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.74 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Observing Subscale | Baseline | 25.18 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.9 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Observing Subscale | Pretest | 24.98 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.03 |
| Services as Usual | Change in Mindfulness Behavior - Observing Subscale | Posttest | 25.05 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.1 |
p-value: 0.851t-test, 2 sided
Primary
Number of Participants With Hard Drug Use
An EZ Split Key 10 panel cup was used to detect hard drugs in a urine sample.
Time frame: Baseline, 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Number of Participants With Hard Drug Use | Baseline | 22 Participants |
| Intervention | Number of Participants With Hard Drug Use | 3 months | 15 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Number of Participants With Hard Drug Use | Baseline | 14 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Number of Participants With Hard Drug Use | 3 months | 14 Participants |
p-value: 0.22795% CI: [0.75, 3.29]Chi-squared
Primary
Number of Participants With Marijuana Use
An EZ Split Key 10 panel cup was used to detect marijuana in a urine sample.
Time frame: Baseline, 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Number of Participants With Marijuana Use | Baseline | 47 Participants |
| Intervention | Number of Participants With Marijuana Use | 3 months | 41 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Number of Participants With Marijuana Use | Baseline | 40 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Number of Participants With Marijuana Use | 3 months | 41 Participants |
p-value: 0.96295% CI: [0.51, 2.02]Chi-squared
Primary
Number of Participants With Prescribed Drugs Use
An EZ Split Key 10 panel cup was used to detect prescribed drugs in a urine sample.
Time frame: Baseline, 3 months
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Number of Participants With Prescribed Drugs Use | Baseline | 55 Participants |
| Intervention | Number of Participants With Prescribed Drugs Use | 3 months | 22 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Number of Participants With Prescribed Drugs Use | Baseline | 46 Participants |
| Services as Usual | Number of Participants With Prescribed Drugs Use | 3 months | 27 Participants |
p-value: 0.10995% CI: [0.19, 1.18]Chi-squared