The Effect of End-tidal Carbon Dioxide Level on the Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter in Pediatric Patients

The Effect of End-tidal Carbon Dioxide Level on the Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Measured by a Transorbital Ultrasonography in Pediatric Patients

Status

Completed

Phases

Unknown

Study type

Observational

Source

ClinicalTrials.gov

Registry ID

NCT03988868

Enrollment

Registered

2019-06-18

Start date

2019-06-19

Completion date

2020-04-03

Last updated

2020-12-28

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

Anesthesia, General

Keywords

optic nerve sheath diameter, end-tidal carbon dioxide, trans-orbital ultrasonography

Brief summary

Because the optic nerve is surrounded by the cerebrospinal fluid, increase / decrease in the intracranial pressure can be examined by an increase / decrease in the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD). Non-invasive trans-orbital ultrasonography has been used to measure the ONSD and shown to be useful in differentiating patients with increased intracranial pressure (\> 20 cmH2O). Arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) is closely related to cerebral blood flow. According to the textbook, an increase in PaCO2 in the range of PaCO2 = 25 mmHg to PaCO2 = 75 mmHg can cause a change in intracranial pressure by proportionally increasing cerebral blood flow. Because end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (ETCO2) reflects PaCO2, a significant correlation may be expected between the ETCO2 and the ONSD. Previous studies in adult patients showed that ONSD was sensitively increased / decreased according to short-term hypercapnia (ETCO2 = 50mmHg) or hypocapnia (ETCO2 = 30mmHg) for 10 minutes and normalized at normal ETCO2 (40mmHg). Therefore, the reactivity of the ONSD according to the change of the ETCO2 was confirmed in adult patients. In normal pediatric patients, ONSD is expected to respond to changes in ETCO2. However, no previous study has confirmed this. In addition, the reactivity of ONSD was not studied in neonates and infants with open fontanelle. In this study, the investigators will performed trans-orbital ultrasonography in pediatric patients with normal intracranial intracranial pressure aged 18 years or younger scheduled for surgery under general anesthesia. The ONSD will be measured at three ETCO2 levels; 35mmHg, 40mmHg, and 45mmHg.

Detailed description

Induction of general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation will be performed with standard electrocardiography, non-invasive blood pressure, heart rate, pulse oximetry, and ETCO2 monitoring. The ONSD will be measured at three different ETCO2 levels (35mmHg, 40mmHg, and 45mmHg). Each ETCO2 levels will be maintained within +-2mmHg for 3 minutes. A high frequency linear probe will be used to get the images of optic nerve sheath and the diameter (ONSD) will be measured at 3 mm from the papillary segment in the transverse plane. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate will be recorded during ONSD measurements. The open or closure of Fontanelle will be examined after ONSD measurements. The ONSD and OND measurements will be performed by two independent researchers who do not participate in ultrasound examination using stored images.

Interventions

None listed

Study design

Observational model

COHORT

Time perspective

PROSPECTIVE

Eligibility

Sex/Gender

ALL

Age

No minimum to 18 Years

Inclusion criteria

* Children under 18 years of age who are under general anesthesia * Mechanical ventilation by endotracheal intubation * Supine position during surgery

Exclusion criteria

* Disease including eyeball or orbit * Infection or trauma around the eyes * Difficult to access the eyes during surgery (Ophthalmologic surgery, neurosurgery, otorhinolaryngology surgery, etc.) * Patients with abnormal intracranial pressure abnormality (trauma, brain tumors, hydrocephalus, intracranial pressure control shunt, craniosynostosis..) * Laparoscopic surgery, Thoracoscopic surgery * Cerebrovascular disease such as Moyamoya disease * Hypotension * Atelectasis, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, pneumonia, wheezing or crackle before surgery * History of adverse reaction to ultrasound gel or Tegaderm (3M Canada, London, Ont., Canada) for eyeball protection

Design outcomes

Primary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Optic nerve sheath diameter	1 weeks	Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measured at three ETCO2 levels(35mmHg, 40mmHg, and 45mmHg) by transorbital ultrasonography

Secondary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Heart rate	1 weeks	Heart rate during ONSD measurements
Eyeball diameter	1 weeks	Eyeball diameter by transorbital ultrasonography
Open Fontanelle	1 weeks	Open of the Fontanelle by palpation
Age	1 weeks	Age
Mean arterial pressure	1 weeks	Mean arterial pressure during ONSD measurements
Weight	1 weeks	Weight
Height	1 weeks	Height
BMI	1 weeks	BMI
Sex	1 weeks	Sex

Countries

South Korea

Outcome results