Substance Abuse
Conditions
Keywords
sexual minorities, prevention, web-based intervention, substance use, longitudinal, randomized controlled trial, adolescence
Brief summary
The planned randomized clinical trial will longitudinally test a tailored, web-based drug abuse prevention program with a nationwide sample of 15- to 17-year-old sexual minority youth (youth who identify as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or unsure of their sexual orientation).
Detailed description
The randomized controlled trial will include at least 890 sexual-minority youth from the United States. Study participants will be 15- to 17-year-old youth recruited from Facebook/Instagram. All youth will complete pretest measures online. Intervention-arm youth will then interact with the 9-session program; youth in the control arm will have access to an attention-placebo website. All youth will then complete posttest measures (immediately following intervention completion and estimated to be approximately 5 months after study onset) and 1-, 2-, and 3-year follow-up measures. Across posttest and annual follow-up measurement occasions, data analyses will examine rates of 30-day drug use between study arms. The investigators will also examine intervention effects on mediator variables associated with drug use and assess the extent to which changes in mediator variables explain differences in drug use between arms. Youth assigned to the intervention arm will have access to 9 intervention sessions delivered online. The sessions will be housed on a website with entertainment features youth seek: life hacks, features on LGBTQ leaders, fortunes, horoscopes, inspiring quotes, and health-related resources. To ensure that youths' expectations for study participation are equivalent across arms and to account for the non-active components of the experimental intervention, the investigators designed the attention-placebo arm. Youth assigned to the attention-placebo arm will have access to the website with entertainment features: life hacks, features on LGBTQ leaders, fortunes, horoscopes, inspiring quotes, and health-related resources.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALFree2b
The intervention will consist of a website and 9 sessions. The intervention sessions will facilitate youths' acquisition of personal and social cognitive-behavioral skills. The intervention will focus on goal setting, decision making, enhancing self-worth, coping with stress, combating distorted thinking, communication skills, using alcohol and other drugs and a review session. Each session will require approximately 20 minutes and must be finished in a single sitting. Sessions will be delivered on a weekly basis. The website will include entertainment features and resources.
BEHAVIORALAttention-Placebo
Access to the website with entertainment features and resources - but no session content.
Sponsors
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Columbia University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
15 Years to 17 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* teenagers between the ages of 15-17 years old * identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or unsure of sexual orientation * speak and read English * access to a private desktop, laptop, or tablet with broadband internet access Exclusion: \- Lives outside the United States of America
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Average Number of Times Youth Drank Alcohol in the Past Month | an average of 5 months from study onset | Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month. |
| Average Number of Times Youth Binge Drank in the Past Month | an average of 5 months from study onset | Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month. |
| Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Cigarettes in the Past Month | an average of 5 months from study onset | Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month. |
| Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Marijuana in the Past Month | an average of 5 months from study onset | Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month. |
| Average Number of Times Youth Vaped Any Substance in the Past Month | an average of 5 months from study onset | Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month. |
| Average Number of Times Youth Used Hard Drugs in the Past Month | an average of 5 months from study onset | Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Mean Scores for Self-Efficacy | an average of 5 months from study onset | The self-efficacy scale is a 7-item measuring youths' perceived ability to handle difficult life situations. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = high self-efficacy to 4 = low self-efficacy; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported. |
| Mean Scores for Drug Refusal Skills | an average of 5 months from study onset | The drug refusal scale is a 15-item measure assessing the likelihood of youth using various refusal strategies when offered to use alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = high refusal skills to 5 = poor refusal skills; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported. |
| Mean Scores for Goal Setting | an average of 5 months from study onset | The goal setting scale is a 5-item measure assessing the degree to which youth set and work on goals. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = low goal setting to 3 = higher goal setting; higher scores indicate a better outcome. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported. |
| Mean Scores for Consequences of Substance Use | an average of 5 months from study onset | The consequences of substance use scale is a 13-item measure assessing how often youths' substance use has caused them trouble with the law, family, friends, and academics. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = zero times to 10 = ten or more times; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported. |
| Mean Scores for Assertiveness | an average of 5 months from study onset | The assertiveness scale is a 3-item measure assessing how well youth believe they assert themselves. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = low assertiveness to 5 = high assertiveness; higher scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported. |
| Mean Scores for Problem Solving | an average of 5 months from study onset | The problem solving scale is an 8-item measure assessing the degree to which youth employ skills to solve problems. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = high problem solving to 4 = low problem solving; lower scores indicate a better outcome. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported. |
| Mean Scores for Self-Esteem | an average of 5 months from study onset | The self-esteem scale is a 10-item measure assessing youths' feelings of self-worth and value. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = higher self-esteem to 4 = lower self-esteem; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported. |
| Mean Scores for Perceived Stress | an average of 5 months from study onset | The perceived stress scale is an 8-item measure assessing the degree to which youth feel overwhelmed by stress. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = low perceived stress to 5 = high perceived stress; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported. |
| Mean Scores for Coping | an average of 5 months from study onset | The coping scale is a 6-item measure assessing the degree to which youth feel they can manage the difficulties in their life. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = high coping skills to 3 = poor coping skills; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported. |
| Mean Scores for Peer Drug Use | an average of 5 months from study onset | The peer drug use scale is a 7-item measuring that asks youth to indicate the number of close friends who have used various substances in the past month. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = no peer use to 3 = all peers use; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Intervention 9 sessions and website with entertainment features and resources
Free2b: The intervention will consist of a website and 9 sessions. The intervention sessions will facilitate youths' acquisition of personal and social cognitive-behavioral skills. The intervention will focus on goal setting, decision making, enhancing self-worth, coping with stress, combating distorted thinking, communication skills, using alcohol and other drugs and a review session. Each session will require approximately 20 minutes and must be finished in a single sitting. Sessions will be delivered on a weekly basis. The website will include entertainment features and resources. | 602 |
| Control website with entertainment features and resources
Attention-Placebo: Access to the website with entertainment features and resources - but no session content. | 606 |
| Total | 1,208 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Intervention | Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 602 Participants | 606 Participants | 1208 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 16.15 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.57 | 16.16 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.56 | 16.16 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.56 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 115 Participants | 112 Participants | 227 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 482 Participants | 492 Participants | 974 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 5 Participants | 2 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 6 Participants | 10 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 43 Participants | 34 Participants | 77 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 39 Participants | 56 Participants | 95 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 163 Participants | 126 Participants | 289 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 5 Participants | 5 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 5 Participants | 2 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 341 Participants | 373 Participants | 714 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 602 Participants | 606 Participants | 1208 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Gender Identity Female | 339 Participants | 331 Participants | 670 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Gender Identity Gender fluid | 24 Participants | 18 Participants | 42 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Gender Identity Male | 107 Participants | 113 Participants | 220 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Gender Identity Non-binary | 74 Participants | 73 Participants | 147 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Gender Identity Not sure | 30 Participants | 39 Participants | 69 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Gender Identity Transgender | 28 Participants | 32 Participants | 60 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 608 | 0 / 608 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 608 | 0 / 608 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 608 | 0 / 608 |
Outcome results
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Binge Drank in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 2-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 2-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Binge Drank in the Past Month | 0.50 number of times | Standard Deviation 1.38 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Binge Drank in the Past Month | 0.59 number of times | Standard Deviation 1.6 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Binge Drank in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 3-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 3-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Binge Drank in the Past Month | 0.65 number of times | Standard Deviation 1.64 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Binge Drank in the Past Month | 0.78 number of times | Standard Deviation 2.41 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Binge Drank in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: an average of 5 months from study onset
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at approx. 5 months after baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Binge Drank in the Past Month | 0.18 number of times | Standard Deviation 0.88 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Binge Drank in the Past Month | 0.25 number of times | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Binge Drank in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 1-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 1-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Binge Drank in the Past Month | 0.35 number of times | Standard Deviation 1.05 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Binge Drank in the Past Month | 0.32 number of times | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Drank Alcohol in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 2-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 2-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Drank Alcohol in the Past Month | 1.93 number of times | Standard Deviation 3.91 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Drank Alcohol in the Past Month | 2.30 number of times | Standard Deviation 4.74 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Drank Alcohol in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 1-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 1-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Drank Alcohol in the Past Month | 1.22 number of times | Standard Deviation 2.49 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Drank Alcohol in the Past Month | 1.37 number of times | Standard Deviation 2.64 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Drank Alcohol in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: an average of 5 months from study onset
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at approx. 5 months after baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Drank Alcohol in the Past Month | 0.83 number of times | Standard Deviation 2.12 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Drank Alcohol in the Past Month | 1.03 number of times | Standard Deviation 2.26 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Drank Alcohol in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 3-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 3-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Drank Alcohol in the Past Month | 2.49 number of times | Standard Deviation 4.86 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Drank Alcohol in the Past Month | 2.67 number of times | Standard Deviation 5.72 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Cigarettes in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: an average of 5 months from study onset
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at approx. 5 months after baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Cigarettes in the Past Month | 0.31 number of times | Standard Deviation 3.23 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Cigarettes in the Past Month | 0.39 number of times | Standard Deviation 4.29 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Cigarettes in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 1-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 1-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Cigarettes in the Past Month | 0.50 number of times | Standard Deviation 4.11 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Cigarettes in the Past Month | 0.48 number of times | Standard Deviation 3.74 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Cigarettes in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 2-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 2-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Cigarettes in the Past Month | 0.70 number of times | Standard Deviation 5.23 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Cigarettes in the Past Month | 0.79 number of times | Standard Deviation 5.67 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Cigarettes in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 3-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 3-year-follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Cigarettes in the Past Month | 0.76 number of times | Standard Deviation 5.27 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Cigarettes in the Past Month | 1.05 number of times | Standard Deviation 6.61 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Marijuana in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: an average of 5 months from study onset
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at approx. 5 months after baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Marijuana in the Past Month | 2.43 number of times | Standard Deviation 10.23 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Marijuana in the Past Month | 1.89 number of times | Standard Deviation 7.54 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Marijuana in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 1-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 1-year follow-up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Marijuana in the Past Month | 4.64 number of times | Standard Deviation 13.67 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Marijuana in the Past Month | 3.71 number of times | Standard Deviation 12.03 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Marijuana in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 2-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 2-year follow-up
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Marijuana in the Past Month | 7.12 number of times | Standard Deviation 17.53 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Marijuana in the Past Month | 7.04 number of times | Standard Deviation 17.07 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Marijuana in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 3-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 3-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Marijuana in the Past Month | 8.53 number of times | Standard Deviation 17.99 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Smoked Marijuana in the Past Month | 8.54 number of times | Standard Deviation 17.97 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Used Hard Drugs in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 1-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 1-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Used Hard Drugs in the Past Month | 0.58 number of times | Standard Deviation 3.92 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Used Hard Drugs in the Past Month | 0.60 number of times | Standard Deviation 3.84 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Used Hard Drugs in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 3-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 3-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Used Hard Drugs in the Past Month | 0.34 number of times | Standard Deviation 1.92 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Used Hard Drugs in the Past Month | 0.62 number of times | Standard Deviation 3.65 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Used Hard Drugs in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: an average of 5 months from study onset
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at approx. 5 months after baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Used Hard Drugs in the Past Month | 0.65 number of times | Standard Deviation 3.63 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Used Hard Drugs in the Past Month | 0.71 number of times | Standard Deviation 4.35 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Used Hard Drugs in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 2-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 2-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Used Hard Drugs in the Past Month | 0.45 number of times | Standard Deviation 2.67 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Used Hard Drugs in the Past Month | 0.61 number of times | Standard Deviation 4.34 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Vaped Any Substance in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: an average of 5 months from study onset
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at approx. 5 months after baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Vaped Any Substance in the Past Month | 3.09 number of times | Standard Deviation 11.69 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Vaped Any Substance in the Past Month | 2.95 number of times | Standard Deviation 11.24 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Vaped Any Substance in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 1-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 1-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Vaped Any Substance in the Past Month | 6.60 number of times | Standard Deviation 17.47 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Vaped Any Substance in the Past Month | 5.80 number of times | Standard Deviation 16.13 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Vaped Any Substance in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 2-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 2-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Vaped Any Substance in the Past Month | 9.23 number of times | Standard Deviation 20.68 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Vaped Any Substance in the Past Month | 9.87 number of times | Standard Deviation 21.33 |
Primary
Average Number of Times Youth Vaped Any Substance in the Past Month
Participants will be asked to report the numbers of times they have used the substance in the past month.
Time frame: 3-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 3-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Average Number of Times Youth Vaped Any Substance in the Past Month | 11.99 number of times | Standard Deviation 23.28 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Average Number of Times Youth Vaped Any Substance in the Past Month | 11.11 number of times | Standard Deviation 22.32 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Assertiveness
The assertiveness scale is a 3-item measure assessing how well youth believe they assert themselves. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = low assertiveness to 5 = high assertiveness; higher scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: an average of 5 months from study onset
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at approx. 5 months after baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Assertiveness | 2.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.12 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Assertiveness | 2.77 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.11 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Assertiveness
The assertiveness scale is a 3-item measure assessing how well youth believe they assert themselves. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = low assertiveness to 5 = high assertiveness; higher scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 3-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 3-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Assertiveness | 2.97 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.07 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Assertiveness | 2.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.1 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Assertiveness
The assertiveness scale is a 3-item measure assessing how well youth believe they assert themselves. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = low assertiveness to 5 = high assertiveness; higher scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 2-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 2-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Assertiveness | 2.92 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.08 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Assertiveness | 2.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.11 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Assertiveness
The assertiveness scale is a 3-item measure assessing how well youth believe they assert themselves. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = low assertiveness to 5 = high assertiveness; higher scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 1-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 1-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Assertiveness | 2.92 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.09 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Assertiveness | 2.80 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.11 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Consequences of Substance Use
The consequences of substance use scale is a 13-item measure assessing how often youths' substance use has caused them trouble with the law, family, friends, and academics. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = zero times to 10 = ten or more times; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 3-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 3-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Consequences of Substance Use | 0.15 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Consequences of Substance Use | 0.13 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.34 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Consequences of Substance Use
The consequences of substance use scale is a 13-item measure assessing how often youths' substance use has caused them trouble with the law, family, friends, and academics. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = zero times to 10 = ten or more times; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 2-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 2-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Consequences of Substance Use | 0.13 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.35 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Consequences of Substance Use | 0.14 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Consequences of Substance Use
The consequences of substance use scale is a 13-item measure assessing how often youths' substance use has caused them trouble with the law, family, friends, and academics. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = zero times to 10 = ten or more times; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 1-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 1-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Consequences of Substance Use | 0.12 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.33 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Consequences of Substance Use | 0.13 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.35 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Consequences of Substance Use
The consequences of substance use scale is a 13-item measure assessing how often youths' substance use has caused them trouble with the law, family, friends, and academics. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = zero times to 10 = ten or more times; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: an average of 5 months from study onset
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at approx. 5 months after baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Consequences of Substance Use | 0.08 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.24 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Consequences of Substance Use | 0.13 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.41 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Coping
The coping scale is a 6-item measure assessing the degree to which youth feel they can manage the difficulties in their life. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = high coping skills to 3 = poor coping skills; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 1-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 1-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Coping | 2.75 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Coping | 2.70 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Coping
The coping scale is a 6-item measure assessing the degree to which youth feel they can manage the difficulties in their life. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = high coping skills to 3 = poor coping skills; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 3-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 3-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Coping | 2.87 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.48 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Coping | 2.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Coping
The coping scale is a 6-item measure assessing the degree to which youth feel they can manage the difficulties in their life. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = high coping skills to 3 = poor coping skills; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 2-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 2-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Coping | 2.79 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.48 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Coping | 2.74 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Coping
The coping scale is a 6-item measure assessing the degree to which youth feel they can manage the difficulties in their life. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = high coping skills to 3 = poor coping skills; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: an average of 5 months from study onset
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at approx. 5 months after baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Coping | 2.77 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Coping | 2.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Drug Refusal Skills
The drug refusal scale is a 15-item measure assessing the likelihood of youth using various refusal strategies when offered to use alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = high refusal skills to 5 = poor refusal skills; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 3-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 3-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Drug Refusal Skills | 1.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Drug Refusal Skills | 2.05 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Drug Refusal Skills
The drug refusal scale is a 15-item measure assessing the likelihood of youth using various refusal strategies when offered to use alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = high refusal skills to 5 = poor refusal skills; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: an average of 5 months from study onset
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at approx. 5 months after baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Drug Refusal Skills | 1.91 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Drug Refusal Skills | 2.04 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Drug Refusal Skills
The drug refusal scale is a 15-item measure assessing the likelihood of youth using various refusal strategies when offered to use alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = high refusal skills to 5 = poor refusal skills; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 1-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 1-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Drug Refusal Skills | 1.96 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Drug Refusal Skills | 2.01 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Drug Refusal Skills
The drug refusal scale is a 15-item measure assessing the likelihood of youth using various refusal strategies when offered to use alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = high refusal skills to 5 = poor refusal skills; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 2-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 2-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Drug Refusal Skills | 1.96 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Drug Refusal Skills | 2.01 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Goal Setting
The goal setting scale is a 5-item measure assessing the degree to which youth set and work on goals. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = low goal setting to 3 = higher goal setting; higher scores indicate a better outcome. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 2-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 2-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Goal Setting | 2.47 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Goal Setting | 2.39 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Goal Setting
The goal setting scale is a 5-item measure assessing the degree to which youth set and work on goals. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = low goal setting to 3 = higher goal setting; higher scores indicate a better outcome. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 3-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 3-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Goal Setting | 2.57 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Goal Setting | 2.49 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Goal Setting
The goal setting scale is a 5-item measure assessing the degree to which youth set and work on goals. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = low goal setting to 3 = higher goal setting; higher scores indicate a better outcome. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: an average of 5 months from study onset
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at approx. 5 months after baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Goal Setting | 2.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Goal Setting | 2.34 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Goal Setting
The goal setting scale is a 5-item measure assessing the degree to which youth set and work on goals. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = low goal setting to 3 = higher goal setting; higher scores indicate a better outcome. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 1-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 1-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Goal Setting | 2.39 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Goal Setting | 2.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Peer Drug Use
The peer drug use scale is a 7-item measuring that asks youth to indicate the number of close friends who have used various substances in the past month. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = no peer use to 3 = all peers use; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: an average of 5 months from study onset
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at approx. 5 months after baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Peer Drug Use | 0.41 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Peer Drug Use | 0.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.41 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Peer Drug Use
The peer drug use scale is a 7-item measuring that asks youth to indicate the number of close friends who have used various substances in the past month. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = no peer use to 3 = all peers use; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 1-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 1-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Peer Drug Use | 0.51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.49 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Peer Drug Use | 0.54 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.48 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Peer Drug Use
The peer drug use scale is a 7-item measuring that asks youth to indicate the number of close friends who have used various substances in the past month. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = no peer use to 3 = all peers use; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 2-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 2-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Peer Drug Use | 0.64 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Peer Drug Use | 0.66 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.52 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Peer Drug Use
The peer drug use scale is a 7-item measuring that asks youth to indicate the number of close friends who have used various substances in the past month. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = no peer use to 3 = all peers use; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 3-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 3-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Peer Drug Use | 0.74 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Peer Drug Use | 0.77 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.53 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Perceived Stress
The perceived stress scale is an 8-item measure assessing the degree to which youth feel overwhelmed by stress. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = low perceived stress to 5 = high perceived stress; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 3-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 3-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Perceived Stress | 3.03 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Perceived Stress | 3.14 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Perceived Stress
The perceived stress scale is an 8-item measure assessing the degree to which youth feel overwhelmed by stress. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = low perceived stress to 5 = high perceived stress; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 1-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 1-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Perceived Stress | 3.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Perceived Stress | 3.30 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Perceived Stress
The perceived stress scale is an 8-item measure assessing the degree to which youth feel overwhelmed by stress. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = low perceived stress to 5 = high perceived stress; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 2-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 2-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Perceived Stress | 3.13 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Perceived Stress | 3.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Perceived Stress
The perceived stress scale is an 8-item measure assessing the degree to which youth feel overwhelmed by stress. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = low perceived stress to 5 = high perceived stress; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: an average of 5 months from study onset
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at approx. 5 months after baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Perceived Stress | 3.21 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Perceived Stress | 3.39 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Problem Solving
The problem solving scale is an 8-item measure assessing the degree to which youth employ skills to solve problems. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = high problem solving to 4 = low problem solving; lower scores indicate a better outcome. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 3-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 3-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Problem Solving | 1.99 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.39 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Problem Solving | 2.03 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.39 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Problem Solving
The problem solving scale is an 8-item measure assessing the degree to which youth employ skills to solve problems. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = high problem solving to 4 = low problem solving; lower scores indicate a better outcome. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: an average of 5 months from study onset
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at approx. 5 months after baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Problem Solving | 2.06 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Problem Solving | 2.12 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.43 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Problem Solving
The problem solving scale is an 8-item measure assessing the degree to which youth employ skills to solve problems. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = high problem solving to 4 = low problem solving; lower scores indicate a better outcome. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 1-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 1-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Problem Solving | 2.06 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.42 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Problem Solving | 2.10 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.42 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Problem Solving
The problem solving scale is an 8-item measure assessing the degree to which youth employ skills to solve problems. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = high problem solving to 4 = low problem solving; lower scores indicate a better outcome. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 2-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 2-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Problem Solving | 2.03 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Problem Solving | 2.08 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.43 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Self-Efficacy
The self-efficacy scale is a 7-item measuring youths' perceived ability to handle difficult life situations. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = high self-efficacy to 4 = low self-efficacy; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 3-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 3-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Self-Efficacy | 2.13 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.49 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Self-Efficacy | 2.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Self-Efficacy
The self-efficacy scale is a 7-item measuring youths' perceived ability to handle difficult life situations. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = high self-efficacy to 4 = low self-efficacy; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 1-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 1-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Self-Efficacy | 2.25 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.48 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Self-Efficacy | 2.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.52 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Self-Efficacy
The self-efficacy scale is a 7-item measuring youths' perceived ability to handle difficult life situations. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = high self-efficacy to 4 = low self-efficacy; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 2-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 2-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Self-Efficacy | 2.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Self-Efficacy | 2.26 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.52 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Self-Efficacy
The self-efficacy scale is a 7-item measuring youths' perceived ability to handle difficult life situations. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 0 = high self-efficacy to 4 = low self-efficacy; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: an average of 5 months from study onset
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at approx. 5 months after baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Self-Efficacy | 2.27 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Self-Efficacy | 2.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Self-Esteem
The self-esteem scale is a 10-item measure assessing youths' feelings of self-worth and value. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = higher self-esteem to 4 = lower self-esteem; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 3-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 3-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Self-Esteem | 2.37 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Self-Esteem | 2.42 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Self-Esteem
The self-esteem scale is a 10-item measure assessing youths' feelings of self-worth and value. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = higher self-esteem to 4 = lower self-esteem; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: an average of 5 months from study onset
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at approx. 5 months after baseline.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Self-Esteem | 2.63 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Self-Esteem | 2.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Self-Esteem
The self-esteem scale is a 10-item measure assessing youths' feelings of self-worth and value. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = higher self-esteem to 4 = lower self-esteem; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 2-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 2-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Self-Esteem | 2.49 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.54 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Self-Esteem | 2.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
Secondary
Mean Scores for Self-Esteem
The self-esteem scale is a 10-item measure assessing youths' feelings of self-worth and value. All items are averaged to yield a total score that ranges from 1 = higher self-esteem to 4 = lower self-esteem; lower scores indicate better outcomes. The mean total score for all participants in each arm will be calculated and reported.
Time frame: 1-year follow-up
Population: The analyzed population reflects only those participants who completed the assessment at 1-year follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Mean Scores for Self-Esteem | 2.56 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| Attention-Placebo Control | Mean Scores for Self-Esteem | 2.63 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.57 |