Menopause
Conditions
Keywords
Chocolate, Timing, Menopause, Calorimetry
Brief summary
The purpose of this investigation is to test the hypothesis that in humans, eating a relatively big amount of chocolate at the wrong time (bedtime) may disrupt our circadian system (change the circadian phase), while taking this same amount of chocolate in the morning (wake up condition) may synchronize it. Other related factors may be also affected such as total body weight and body fat, dietary habits (total energy intake and macronutrient distribution), the timing of food intake and of sleep, daily rhythms of TAP, microflora composition and postprandial glycemia.
Detailed description
Recent studies suggest that not only what the people eat, but also when the people eat may have a significant role in obesity treatment and in the regulation of the circadian system. Thus, the hypothesis of this study is eating a relatively big amount of chocolate at the wrong time, bedtime may affect: 1. Metabolism: resting energy expenditure, corrected resting energy respiratory quotient (RQ) 2. Glucose metabolism 3. Total weight loss 4. Food intake, total energy intake, and type of food 5. Microflora (feces) 6. Mood 7. Disrupt our circadian system 7a) Changes in Temperature, Actimetry, and Position 7b) Electrocardiogram (ECG) 7c) Melatonin (two points) cortisol rhythm (three points) While having this same amount of chocolate in the morning (wake up condition) may synchronize it. Other related factors may be also affected such as total body weight and body fat, dietary habits (total energy intake and macronutrient distribution), the timing of food intake and of sleep, daily rhythms of TAP, microflora composition and postprandial glycemia. 19 women (postmenopausal) following the habitual dietary habits of participants (ad libitum) will have 30% of the habitual total daily calories in chocolate of participants (Nestle, chocolate with milk) during two consecutive weeks each under three conditions: eating chocolate within 1 hour of habitual wake-time, eating chocolate within 1 hours of habitual bedtime, or eating no chocolate. No other chocolate (i.e., none at all in control and in the washout weeks). The protocol will be a randomized, cross-over design, with a 1-week washout between each condition. During the 14 days in each condition, the participants will record sleep and activity schedules by dairy, food intake and food timing by phone application, daily rhythms of wrist temperature, activity and position (TAP).
Interventions
BEHAVIORALChocolate 100gr
Evening/Night Chocolate: Eating 100gr of milk chocolate within 1 hours of habitual bedtime Control Chocolate: Eating no milk chocolate or other chocolate Chocolate Morning: Eating chocolate within one hour of habitual waketime.
Sponsors
Universidad de Murcia
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
45 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Healthy women * Age: between 45 and 65 year of age * Caucasian * Menopause
Exclusion criteria
* Pre-menopause women * Endocrine (Diabetes mellitus or others), renal, hepatic, cancer or psychiatric disorders * Receiving any pharmacologic treatment other than oral contraceptives * Bulimia diagnosis, prone to binge eating * Pregnancy
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition | The investigators will measure by indirect calorimetry the resting energy expenditure after each condition (no chocolate, Morning Chocolate, Night Chocolate) Changes in Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) were determined by changes in resting energy expenditure occurred in the participants between baseline and after 2 weeks in each of the three different experimental conditions. Oxygen (O2) consumption (mL/min) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production (mL/min) were measured. The Respiratory Quotient (RQ) was calculated out of O2 consumption (mL/min) and CO2 production (mL/min). Energy expenditure values (kcal/day) were calculated according to the Weir equation: Metabolic rate (kcal per day) = 1440 (3.9 VO2 + 1.1 VCO2)\* |
| Total Body Weight | Baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition | The investigators will measure total body weight after each condition (no chocolate, Morning Chocolate, Night Chocolate) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition | The investigators will measure the amplitude parameter derived from wrist temperature after each condition (no chocolate, Morning Chocolate, Night Chocolate). In the cosinor analysis to characterize the WT rhythm, we calculate amplitude (difference between the maximum \[or minimum\] value of the cosine function and mesor) Changes in daily rhythm of wrist temperature amplitude were measured by changes in the amplitude parameter derived from wrist temperature along the two weeks of intervention in each of the three conditions. The participants wore a wristwatch during the last 7 days of each condition on the non-dominant wrist to record body temperature and activity. Wrist temperature parameters were measured to represent the wrist body temperature pattern, which provides an objectively measure of sleep and siesta (together with activity rhythm). A healthy circadian rhythm is considered as the one with high amplitude. |
| Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition | Microbiota diversity changes were measured using Inverse Simpson Index, accounting for both species richness (number of species) and evenness (distribution of species). A higher Inverse Simpson Index indicates greater diversity because it reduces the impact of dominant species and gives more weight to rarer species. Unlike the regular Simpson Index (which decreases as diversity increases), the inverse form is more intuitive: higher values mean a more diverse microbiota. This index is widely used in microbiome studies to compare microbial diversity across different samples, such as in health versus disease states. |
| Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition | The investigators will measure the fragmentation parameter derived from wrist temperature after each condition (no chocolate, Morning Chocolate, Night Chocolate). Intradaily variability (IV) characterizes the rhythm fragmentation. Changes in daily rhythm of wrist temperature fragmentation were measured by changes in the fragmentation parameter derived from wrist temperature along the two weeks of intervention in each of the three conditions. The participants wore a wristwatch during the last 7 days of each condition on the non-dominant wrist to record body temperature and activity. Wrist temperature parameters were measured to represent the wrist body temperature pattern, which provides an objectively measure of sleep and siesta (together with activity rhythm). A low fragmentation involves a low intraday rhythmicity of the circadian rhythm. Its values oscillated between 0, when the wave was perfectly sinusoidal, and 2, when the wave was as Gaussian noise. |
| Energy Intake | Baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition | The investigators will measure changes in total energy intake measured as kilocalories between baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition (no chocolate, Morning Chocolate, Night Chocolate) At baseline and during the 2 weeks of each condition, time-stamped photographs were captured with a cell phone app. Total energy intake during the 14 days of each condition was analyzed with the nutritional evaluation software (Grunumur 2.0 8). |
| Macronutrient Composition | Baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition | The investigators will measure macronutrient composition measured as and grams per day between baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition (no chocolate, Morning Chocolate, Night Chocolate). At baseline and during the 2 weeks of each condition, time-stamped photographs were captured with a cell phone app. Macronutrient composition during the 14 days of each condition was analyzed with the nutritional evaluation software (Grunumur 2.0 8). |
| Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | After 2 weeks in each condition | Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in fecal samples were analyzed using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) with a GC-FID system. Samples were mixed with NaOH, lyophilized, and homogenized with formic acid, methanol, and an internal standard (2-ethyl butyric acid). After ultrasonic treatment and centrifugation, the supernatant was filtered and injected into an Agilent 7890A GC system equipped with a Nukol capillary column. Helium was used as the carrier gas, and the FID temperature was set at 220°C. SCFAs were identified by comparing retention times with authentic standards, and quantification was performed using calibration curves with a high correlation (R² = 0.99). Total average values of SCFA (acetate, propionate, other minorities) in each condition were calculated. |
| Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition | The investigators will measure the regularity parameter derived from wrist temperature after each condition (no chocolate, Morning Chocolate, Night Chocolate). RegularIty is measured as interdaily stability (IS), that means rhythm stability over different days; it varied between 0 for Gaussian noise to 1 for perfect stability, where the rhythm repeated itself exactly day after day. Changes in daily rhythm of wrist temperature regularity were measured by changes in the regularity parameter derived from wrist temperature along the two weeks of intervention in each of the three conditions. A regular rhythm means recurring at uniform intervals. The participants wore a wristwatch during the last 7 days of each condition on the non-dominant wrist to record body temperature and activity. Wrist temperature parameters were measured to represent the wrist body temperature pattern, which provides an objectively measure of sleep and siesta (together with activity rhythm). |
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate First condition is eating 100gr chocolate within one hour of habitual waketime. Second condition is eating 100gr of milk chocolate within 1 hours of habitual bedtime Third condition is eating no milk chocolate or other chocolate. | 3 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate First condition is eating 100gr chocolate within one hour of habitual waketime. Second condition is eating no milk chocolate or other chocolate Third condition is eating 100gr of milk chocolate within 1 hours of habitual bedtime. | 3 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate First condition is eating 100gr of milk chocolate within 1 hours of habitual bedtime Second condition is eating 100gr chocolate within one hour of habitual waketime. | 5 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate First condition is eating 100gr of milk chocolate within 1 hours of habitual bedtime Second condition is eating no milk chocolate or other chocolate Third condition is eating 100gr chocolate within one hour of habitual waketime. | 2 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate First condition is eating no milk chocolate or other chocolate Second condition is eating 100gr chocolate within one hour of habitual waketime. | 3 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate First condition is eating no milk chocolate or other chocolate Second condition is eating 100gr of milk chocolate within 1 hours of habitual bedtime Third condition is eating 100gr chocolate within one hour of habitual waketime. | 3 |
| Total | 19 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Customized Age | 56.00 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.81 | 54.00 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.58 | 50.20 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.56 | 51.50 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.19 | 51.00 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 0 | 52.67 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.58 | 52.37 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.59 |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 5 Participants | 2 Participants | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 19 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk | EG004 affected / at risk | EG005 affected / at risk | EG006 affected / at risk | EG007 affected / at risk | EG008 affected / at risk | EG009 affected / at risk | EG010 affected / at risk | EG011 affected / at risk | EG012 affected / at risk | EG013 affected / at risk | EG014 affected / at risk | EG015 affected / at risk | EG016 affected / at risk | EG017 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 3 |
Outcome results
Primary
Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry)
The investigators will measure by indirect calorimetry the resting energy expenditure after each condition (no chocolate, Morning Chocolate, Night Chocolate) Changes in Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) were determined by changes in resting energy expenditure occurred in the participants between baseline and after 2 weeks in each of the three different experimental conditions. Oxygen (O2) consumption (mL/min) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production (mL/min) were measured. The Respiratory Quotient (RQ) was calculated out of O2 consumption (mL/min) and CO2 production (mL/min). Energy expenditure values (kcal/day) were calculated according to the Weir equation: Metabolic rate (kcal per day) = 1440 (3.9 VO2 + 1.1 VCO2)\*
Time frame: Baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure at Baseline | 1249.33 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 147.56 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Morning Condition | 1354.33 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 227.25 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Evening Condition | 1292.33 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 126.02 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Control Condition | 1342.00 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 45.64 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Evening Condition | 1459.67 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 30.14 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Morning Condition | 1344.00 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 115.47 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure at Baseline | 1377.67 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 158.8 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Control Condition | 1376.67 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 95.36 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Control Condition | 1439.20 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 175.72 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Evening Condition | 1323.60 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 174.69 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Morning Condition | 1413.80 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 151.61 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure at Baseline | 1360.40 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 137.06 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure at Baseline | 1468.50 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 272.23 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Control Condition | 1464.50 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 27.58 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Morning Condition | 1389.00 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 255.97 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Evening Condition | 1497.50 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 208.6 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Evening Condition | 1281.00 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 187.2 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Control Condition | 1420.67 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 69.87 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Morning Condition | 1289.67 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 153.05 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure at Baseline | 1427.33 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 121.71 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Morning Condition | 1354.00 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 60.23 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Evening Condition | 1351.67 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 60.14 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure Control Condition | 1397.00 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 105.79 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Resting Energy Expenditure (Indirect Calorimetry) | Resting energy expenditure at Baseline | 1259.67 kcal/day | Standard Deviation 83.29 |
Primary
Total Body Weight
The investigators will measure total body weight after each condition (no chocolate, Morning Chocolate, Night Chocolate)
Time frame: Baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Baseline | 64.32 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 3.43 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Control condition | 63.33 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 2.08 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Morning condition | 63.02 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 1.76 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Night condition | 63.22 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 2.28 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Night condition | 62.00 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 8.66 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Baseline | 61.97 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 8.09 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Control condition | 61.00 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 7.81 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Morning condition | 62.07 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 8.42 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Morning condition | 67.73 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 10.68 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Baseline | 67.87 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 10.37 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Night condition | 67.68 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 10.91 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Control condition | 68.00 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 10.49 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Baseline | 74.08 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 24.5 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Control condition | 74.00 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 24.04 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Night condition | 74.25 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 22.98 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Morning condition | 73.35 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 22.98 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Morning condition | 64.58 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 7.28 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Baseline | 64.42 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 7.13 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Night condition | 65 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 6.24 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Control condition | 64.33 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 7.77 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Morning condition | 63.2 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 15.24 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Baseline | 61.95 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 14.9 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Control condition | 60.67 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 14.22 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Total Body Weight | Weight at Night condition | 62.67 kilograms (kg) | Standard Deviation 15.04 |
Secondary
Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm
The investigators will measure the amplitude parameter derived from wrist temperature after each condition (no chocolate, Morning Chocolate, Night Chocolate). In the cosinor analysis to characterize the WT rhythm, we calculate amplitude (difference between the maximum \[or minimum\] value of the cosine function and mesor) Changes in daily rhythm of wrist temperature amplitude were measured by changes in the amplitude parameter derived from wrist temperature along the two weeks of intervention in each of the three conditions. The participants wore a wristwatch during the last 7 days of each condition on the non-dominant wrist to record body temperature and activity. Wrist temperature parameters were measured to represent the wrist body temperature pattern, which provides an objectively measure of sleep and siesta (together with activity rhythm). A healthy circadian rhythm is considered as the one with high amplitude.
Time frame: Baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Baseline | 0.95 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.59 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Morning condition | 1.00 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Night condition | 1.50 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.83 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Control condition | 1.83 ºC | Standard Deviation 1.05 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Night condition | 1.05 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.31 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Morning condition | 1.35 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Baseline | 1.42 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Control condition | 0.85 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Control condition | 1.51 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Night condition | 1.16 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.33 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Morning condition | 1.45 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.38 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Baseline | 0.92 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.29 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Baseline | 0.89 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.55 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Control condition | 0.77 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.34 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Morning condition | 0.71 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.68 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Night condition | 0.54 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.46 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Night condition | 1.12 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.26 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Control condition | 0.95 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Morning condition | 0.73 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.22 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Baseline | 1.67 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.73 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Morning condition | 0.95 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Night condition | 0.86 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Control condition | 1.06 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.97 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Amplitude of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Amplitude of WT daily rhythm at Baseline | 0.94 ºC | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
Secondary
Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index)
Microbiota diversity changes were measured using Inverse Simpson Index, accounting for both species richness (number of species) and evenness (distribution of species). A higher Inverse Simpson Index indicates greater diversity because it reduces the impact of dominant species and gives more weight to rarer species. Unlike the regular Simpson Index (which decreases as diversity increases), the inverse form is more intuitive: higher values mean a more diverse microbiota. This index is widely used in microbiome studies to compare microbial diversity across different samples, such as in health versus disease states.
Time frame: Baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index at Baseline | 39.72 Index | Standard Deviation 7.35 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index Control condition | 30.31 Index | Standard Deviation 11.49 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index Morning condition | 30.53 Index | Standard Deviation 19.08 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Evening condition | 28.70 Index | Standard Deviation 13.26 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index Morning condition | 29.60 Index | Standard Deviation 12.83 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index Control condition | 34.44 Index | Standard Deviation 3.81 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index at Baseline | 32.21 Index | Standard Deviation 11.26 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Evening condition | 38.91 Index | Standard Deviation 3.75 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Evening condition | 37.73 Index | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index Morning condition | 30.12 Index | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index Control condition | 37.38 Index | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index at Baseline | 25.37 Index | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index at Baseline | 30.08 Index | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Evening condition | 35.58 Index | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index Control condition | 32.65 Index | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index Morning condition | 18.70 Index | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index Morning condition | 31.87 Index | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Evening condition | 28.25 Index | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index Control condition | 41.94 Index | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index at Baseline | 52.15 Index | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index Control condition | 42.67 Index | Standard Deviation 1.39 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index Morning condition | 34.49 Index | Standard Deviation 34.08 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Evening condition | 27.14 Index | Standard Deviation 19.15 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Changes in Microbiota Diversity (Inverse Simpson Index) | Inverse Simpson Index at Baseline | 33.64 Index | Standard Deviation 22.46 |
Secondary
Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in fecal samples were analyzed using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) with a GC-FID system. Samples were mixed with NaOH, lyophilized, and homogenized with formic acid, methanol, and an internal standard (2-ethyl butyric acid). After ultrasonic treatment and centrifugation, the supernatant was filtered and injected into an Agilent 7890A GC system equipped with a Nukol capillary column. Helium was used as the carrier gas, and the FID temperature was set at 220°C. SCFAs were identified by comparing retention times with authentic standards, and quantification was performed using calibration curves with a high correlation (R² = 0.99). Total average values of SCFA (acetate, propionate, other minorities) in each condition were calculated.
Time frame: After 2 weeks in each condition
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Morning condition | 533.10 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 171.38 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Control condition | 419.93 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 160.81 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Evening condition | 377.78 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 152.54 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Morning condition | 450.68 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 209.02 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Control condition | 293.15 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 107.81 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Evening condition | 661.70 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 217.39 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Morning condition | 482.40 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Control condition | 588.49 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Evening condition | 552.32 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Morning condition | 876.56 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Control condition | 196.93 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Evening condition | 754.51 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Morning condition | 608.80 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Control condition | 659.92 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Evening condition | 890.21 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Control condition | 596.45 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Evening condition | 580.86 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Concentration of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) | Total SCFA Morning condition | 426.75 mmol/mg feces | Standard Deviation 0 |
Secondary
Energy Intake
The investigators will measure changes in total energy intake measured as kilocalories between baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition (no chocolate, Morning Chocolate, Night Chocolate) At baseline and during the 2 weeks of each condition, time-stamped photographs were captured with a cell phone app. Total energy intake during the 14 days of each condition was analyzed with the nutritional evaluation software (Grunumur 2.0 8).
Time frame: Baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Baseline | 1177.20 kcal | Standard Deviation 402.25 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Morning condition | 1596.74 kcal | Standard Deviation 340.18 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Night condition | 1929.59 kcal | Standard Deviation 295.25 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Control condition | 1797.58 kcal | Standard Deviation 431.61 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Night condition | 2225.40 kcal | Standard Deviation 26.95 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Morning condition | 2214.31 kcal | Standard Deviation 122.01 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Baseline | 1987.20 kcal | Standard Deviation 404.29 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Control condition | 1843.50 kcal | Standard Deviation 405.89 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Control condition | 2173.95 kcal | Standard Deviation 722.95 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Night condition | 2237.69 kcal | Standard Deviation 570.4 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Morning condition | 2374.69 kcal | Standard Deviation 248.37 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Baseline | 1558.15 kcal | Standard Deviation 271.12 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Baseline | 2044.61 kcal | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Control condition | 1882.36 kcal | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Morning condition | 2034.83 kcal | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Night condition | 2487.92 kcal | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Night condition | 2248.46 kcal | Standard Deviation 64.52 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Control condition | 1548.47 kcal | Standard Deviation 97.43 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Morning condition | 1933.39 kcal | Standard Deviation 109.42 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Baseline | 1843.39 kcal | Standard Deviation 208.39 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Morning condition | 2248.11 kcal | Standard Deviation 220.18 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Night condition | 2448.73 kcal | Standard Deviation 589.64 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Control condition | 1766.66 kcal | Standard Deviation 358.91 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Energy Intake | Energy intake at Baseline | 2031.93 kcal | Standard Deviation 271.14 |
Secondary
Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm
The investigators will measure the fragmentation parameter derived from wrist temperature after each condition (no chocolate, Morning Chocolate, Night Chocolate). Intradaily variability (IV) characterizes the rhythm fragmentation. Changes in daily rhythm of wrist temperature fragmentation were measured by changes in the fragmentation parameter derived from wrist temperature along the two weeks of intervention in each of the three conditions. The participants wore a wristwatch during the last 7 days of each condition on the non-dominant wrist to record body temperature and activity. Wrist temperature parameters were measured to represent the wrist body temperature pattern, which provides an objectively measure of sleep and siesta (together with activity rhythm). A low fragmentation involves a low intraday rhythmicity of the circadian rhythm. Its values oscillated between 0, when the wave was perfectly sinusoidal, and 2, when the wave was as Gaussian noise.
Time frame: Baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Baseline | 0.23 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.11 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Morning condition | 0.13 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.03 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Night condition | 0.15 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.07 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Control condition | 0.11 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.03 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Night condition | 0.24 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.09 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Morning condition | 0.18 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.04 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Baseline | 0.15 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.05 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Control condition | 0.24 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.14 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Control condition | 0.12 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.04 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Night condition | 0.21 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Morning condition | 0.15 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.06 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Baseline | 0.25 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.13 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Baseline | 0.18 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.08 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Control condition | 0.15 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.04 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Morning condition | 0.31 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.06 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Night condition | 0.25 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.14 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Night condition | 0.17 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.04 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Control condition | 0.15 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.03 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Morning condition | 0.18 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.08 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Baseline | 0.13 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.05 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Morning condition | 0.16 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.09 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Night condition | 0.20 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.14 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Control condition | 0.13 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.04 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Fragmentation of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Fragmentation of WT rhythm at Baseline | 0.18 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.07 |
Secondary
Macronutrient Composition
The investigators will measure macronutrient composition measured as and grams per day between baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition (no chocolate, Morning Chocolate, Night Chocolate). At baseline and during the 2 weeks of each condition, time-stamped photographs were captured with a cell phone app. Macronutrient composition during the 14 days of each condition was analyzed with the nutritional evaluation software (Grunumur 2.0 8).
Time frame: Baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Night condition | 75.34 grams/day | Standard Deviation 10.11 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Baseline | 111.39 grams/day | Standard Deviation 45.57 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Night condition | 102.36 grams/day | Standard Deviation 21.85 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Control condition | 75.15 grams/day | Standard Deviation 19.68 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Baseline | 45.56 grams/day | Standard Deviation 10.26 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Control condition | 97.20 grams/day | Standard Deviation 32.61 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Morning condition | 156.78 grams/day | Standard Deviation 21.09 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Morning condition | 76.97 grams/day | Standard Deviation 19.28 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Control condition | 141.53 grams/day | Standard Deviation 30.34 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Morning condition | 67.17 grams/day | Standard Deviation 15.7 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Baseline | 58.78 grams/day | Standard Deviation 13.5 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Night condition | 174.53 grams/day | Standard Deviation 21.7 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Morning condition | 74.10 grams/day | Standard Deviation 6.43 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Night condition | 237.02 grams/day | Standard Deviation 10.58 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Night condition | 76.99 grams/day | Standard Deviation 5.7 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Baseline | 101.32 grams/day | Standard Deviation 28.72 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Morning condition | 102.66 grams/day | Standard Deviation 14.92 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Morning condition | 256.53 grams/day | Standard Deviation 36.88 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Baseline | 198.72 grams/day | Standard Deviation 30.66 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Night condition | 109.84 grams/day | Standard Deviation 2.46 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Control condition | 80.99 grams/day | Standard Deviation 8.32 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Baseline | 76.59 grams/day | Standard Deviation 10.76 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Control condition | 68.27 grams/day | Standard Deviation 16.37 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Control condition | 212.31 grams/day | Standard Deviation 91.16 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Control condition | 110.66 grams/day | Standard Deviation 39.32 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Baseline | 58.37 grams/day | Standard Deviation 17.75 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Night condition | 76.04 grams/day | Standard Deviation 20.96 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Morning condition | 239.23 grams/day | Standard Deviation 39.6 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Control condition | 78.30 grams/day | Standard Deviation 22.18 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Control condition | 218.36 grams/day | Standard Deviation 76.08 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Night condition | 232.31 grams/day | Standard Deviation 50.15 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Night condition | 112.92 grams/day | Standard Deviation 34.86 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Morning condition | 122.65 grams/day | Standard Deviation 14.3 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Baseline | 66.44 grams/day | Standard Deviation 19.62 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Baseline | 182.84 grams/day | Standard Deviation 45.09 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Morning condition | 80.39 grams/day | Standard Deviation 10.18 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Night condition | 139.51 grams/day | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Baseline | 202.74 grams/day | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Baseline | 103.12 grams/day | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Baseline | 75.46 grams/day | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Morning condition | 214.30 grams/day | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Morning condition | 99.44 grams/day | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Morning condition | 66.61 grams/day | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Night condition | 233.36 grams/day | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Night condition | 71.53 grams/day | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Control condition | 179.15 grams/day | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Control condition | 97.12 grams/day | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Control condition | 70.04 grams/day | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Morning condition | 103.31 grams/day | Standard Deviation 19.58 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Baseline | 75.28 grams/day | Standard Deviation 6.49 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Baseline | 164.86 grams/day | Standard Deviation 40.63 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Control condition | 65.44 grams/day | Standard Deviation 10.44 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Control condition | 76.80 grams/day | Standard Deviation 12.32 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Morning condition | 174.29 grams/day | Standard Deviation 31.04 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Baseline | 92.87 grams/day | Standard Deviation 10.77 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Night condition | 76.30 grams/day | Standard Deviation 9.2 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Control condition | 137.00 grams/day | Standard Deviation 43.42 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Night condition | 207.00 grams/day | Standard Deviation 27.04 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Night condition | 115.74 grams/day | Standard Deviation 7.39 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Morning condition | 70.88 grams/day | Standard Deviation 2.34 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Night condition | 131.45 grams/day | Standard Deviation 25.01 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Morning condition | 119.00 grams/day | Standard Deviation 9.83 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Night condition | 87.47 grams/day | Standard Deviation 21.96 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Morning condition | 217.07 grams/day | Standard Deviation 29.02 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Control condition | 70.04 grams/day | Standard Deviation 10.08 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Control condition | 166.02 grams/day | Standard Deviation 28.94 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Baseline | 71.53 grams/day | Standard Deviation 11.08 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Baseline | 116.83 grams/day | Standard Deviation 15.56 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Fat at Control condition | 90.09 grams/day | Standard Deviation 25.22 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Baseline | 171.72 grams/day | Standard Deviation 39.89 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Carbohydrates at Night condition | 233.52 grams/day | Standard Deviation 76.51 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Macronutrient Composition | Protein at Morning condition | 83.28 grams/day | Standard Deviation 7.52 |
Secondary
Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm
The investigators will measure the regularity parameter derived from wrist temperature after each condition (no chocolate, Morning Chocolate, Night Chocolate). RegularIty is measured as interdaily stability (IS), that means rhythm stability over different days; it varied between 0 for Gaussian noise to 1 for perfect stability, where the rhythm repeated itself exactly day after day. Changes in daily rhythm of wrist temperature regularity were measured by changes in the regularity parameter derived from wrist temperature along the two weeks of intervention in each of the three conditions. A regular rhythm means recurring at uniform intervals. The participants wore a wristwatch during the last 7 days of each condition on the non-dominant wrist to record body temperature and activity. Wrist temperature parameters were measured to represent the wrist body temperature pattern, which provides an objectively measure of sleep and siesta (together with activity rhythm).
Time frame: Baseline and after 2 weeks in each condition
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Baseline | 0.44 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.12 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Morning condition | 0.49 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.14 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Night condition | 0.41 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.22 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Control condition | 0.43 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.27 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Night condition | 0.45 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.12 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Morning condition | 0.43 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.13 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Baseline | 0.45 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.06 |
| Morning Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Control condition | 0.34 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.15 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Control condition | 0.35 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.05 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Night condition | 0.41 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.06 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Morning condition | 0.41 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.07 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Control Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Baseline | 0.49 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.16 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Baseline | 0.32 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.04 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Control condition | 0.24 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.03 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Morning condition | 0.30 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.18 |
| Evening/Night Chocolate, Then Control Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Night condition | 0.40 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.07 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Night condition | 0.39 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Control condition | 0.42 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.22 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Morning condition | 0.30 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.02 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Morning Chocolate and Evening/Night Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Baseline | 0.56 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.05 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Morning condition | 0.44 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.16 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Night condition | 0.32 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.08 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Control condition | 0.29 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.26 |
| Control Chocolate, Then Evening/Night Chocolate and Morning Chocolate | Regularity of Wrist Temperature (WT) Daily Rhythm | Regularity of WT daily rhythm at Baseline | 0.35 arbitrary units | Standard Deviation 0.17 |