Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity
Conditions
Keywords
cherries, inflammatory disease, chronic stress
Brief summary
This study aims to determine the effects of consuming sweet cherry juice on cardiovascular function, glucose regulation, and lipid status in overweight human subjects. The investigators hypothesize that sweet cherry juice consumption will improve metabolic and physiological status in overweight persons compared to a placebo.
Detailed description
The investigators will conduct a randomized, cross-over study lasting 14 weeks and including 1 week for screening/enrollment, 1 week baseline assessment, and two intervention periods of 6 weeks each for the cherry juice and placebo interventions. Two test visits, 3 to 7 days apart, will occur before the start of intervention (baseline, or week 0) and then at weeks 6 and 12. Participants will be randomized to consume either the cherry juice or placebo beverage first, and will cross over to the alternate intervention immediately following the end of the first 6 weeks. Test Visit 1 will include measures of blood pressure, vascular tone, liver fat and stiffness, post-prandial metabolic response to the study beverage, cardiovascular activity and function, and nervous system control of cardiovascular activity and tone. Acute effects of study beverages will be measured, as will the chronic effects of study beverage consumption after 6 weeks. At Test Visit 2, participants will take a standard 75 gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Participants will be equipped with physiological monitoring devices, which will monitor cardiovascular activity and function and nervous system control of cardiovascular activity and tone, and continuously measure blood pressure. A series of cognitive function tasks will be administered, and a mental stress test will be conducted. The Test Visit 1 and 2 will be repeated at week 6 and week 12 following each intervention with cherry juice or the placebo beverage.
Interventions
OTHERCherry juice
FruitSmart® Cherry Concentrate: Dark Sweet Cherry Juice Concentrate produced from dark sweet cherries to retain the characteristic color and flavor of the whole fruit.
OTHERPlacebo beverage
Cherry flavored placebo beverage prepared from commercially available cherry syrup with food coloring and thickener to match the color and viscosity of the cherry concentrate.
Sponsors
Washington State Fruit Commission
USDA, Western Human Nutrition Research Center
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
20 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Men aged 20 - 65 years * Post-menopausal women aged 45 - 65 years * Body Mass Index ≥25 and \<40 kg/m2 * Systolic blood pressure \>120 and \<140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure \>80 and \<90 mmHg
Exclusion criteria
* Diagnosed metabolic disorder * Diabetes mellitus * Thyroid disease * Cardiovascular disease * Poly-cystic ovary syndrome * Vasoconstrictive diseases (e.g. Raynaud's phenomenon or Raynaud's disease) * Digestive disorder (e.g. Crohn's, irritable bowel syndrome, colitis) * History of gastrointestinal surgery affecting digestion and/or absorption * Use of medications for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, glycemic control, or weight loss * Use of medications such as steroids, statins, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents * Routine use of over-the-counter medications * Weight change \>5% in the past 6 months * Performing exercise greater than 60 minutes/day * Presence of a pacemaker or other internal electronic device controlling rhythm or pacing of heart excludes participant from MindWare procedure * Presence of atrial fibrillation or other arrhythmia excludes participant from MindWare procedure
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in systolic blood pressure | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Blood pressure measured using a Continuous Non-invasive Arterial Pressure (CNAP®) device in mmHg |
| Change in diastolic blood pressure | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Blood pressure measured using a Continuous Non-invasive Arterial Pressure (CNAP®) device in mmHg |
| Change in mean arterial blood pressure | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Blood pressure measured using a Continuous Non-invasive Arterial Pressure (CNAP®) device in mmHg |
| Change in heart rate variability | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Heart rate variability (HRV) assessed using a mobile device via ECG in millivolts |
| Change in cardiac parasympathetic control | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Assessed using impedance cardiography (ICG) and ECG |
| Change in electrical activity of heartbeat | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Assessed using electrocardiogram (ECG) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in psycho-motor speed | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Assessed using Reaction Time (RTI) task from CANTAB |
| Change in spatial memory | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Assessed using Spatial Working Memory (SWM) task from CANTAB |
| Change in verbal memory | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Assessed using Verbal Recognition Memory (VRM) task from CANTAB |
| Change in social cognition | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Assessed using Emotional Recognition task (ERT) from CANTAB |
| Change in peripheral insulin resistance (IR) | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Measured by Matsuda's sensitivity index |
| Change in hepatic insulin resistance (IR) | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Measured by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) |
| Change in salivary cortisol in response to glucose tolerance test | prior to and 120 minutes after glucose tolerance test | Salivary cortisol measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay in nmol/liter |
| Change in salivary cortisol in response to stress | prior to and 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after challenging task | Salivary cortisol measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay in nmol/liter |
| Change in body weight | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Measured in kg |
| Change in vascular function | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Peripheral arterial tone (PAT) determined using the EndoPAT expressed as the reactive hyperemia index (RHI) |
| Change in activity level | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Measured by Stanford Brief Physical Activity questionnaire. Scale is categorical for two subscales: work physical activity and leisure time activity. |
| Change in mitochondrial respiration | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Cellular bioenergetics measured as oxygen consumption rate (OCR) |
| Change in cardiovascular related biomarkers | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Quantitative immunoassay of human cardiovascular biomarkers on a multi-analyte profile |
| Change in inflammation related biomarkers | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Quantitative immunoassay of human inflammation biomarkers on a multi-analyte profile |
| Change in neurological related biomarkers | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Quantitative immunoassay of human neurological biomarkers on a multi-analyte profile |
| Change in perceived stress | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Perceived stress measured using the Perceived stress scale (PSS). Scores on the PSS can range from 0 to 40 with higher scores indicating higher perceived stress. Responses for individual questions are summed to a total score. |
| Change in chronic stress | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Chronic stress measured using the Wheaton Chronic Stress Questionnaire. Individual scores range from 0 to 102, with higher scores indicating higher chronic stress. |
| Change in self-reported sleep quality | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Sleep quality assessed by self-report using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index |
| Change in mood | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Mood assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) Standard Score. Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) score is found from the difference between negative subscales - positive subscales. Individual scores on the POMS range from -32 to 200 with higher scores indicating higher mood disturbance. |
| Change in waist circumference | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Measured in cm |
| Change in liver stiffness | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Liver stiffness assessed from the shear wave speed with pulse echo ultrasound using the Fibroscan® |
| Change in liver fat | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Liver fat assessed from the Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) computed from the liver stiffness measurement using the Fibroscan® |
| Change in executive function | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Assessed using Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT), from Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) |
| Change in attentive function | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Assessed using Stop Signal Task (STT) from CANTAB |
| Change in multitasking | Week 0, 6 and 12 | Assessed using Multitasking Test (MTT) from CANTAB |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed