Pain, Pain Management, Post-surgical Pain
Conditions
Keywords
Post-surgical pain, Virtual Reality, Distraction
Brief summary
This study evaluates the effect of Virtual Reality (VR) on pain and recovery in 100 post-operative patients. 60 patients will be included in the intervention group; they will use VR minimal 3 times a day on day 2-4 after surgery, on the surgical ward, as an add-on intervention next to standard care. 40 patients in the control group will only receive standard postoperative care.
Detailed description
Adequate management of post-surgical pain (PSP) may contribute to improved clinical and socioeconomic outcomes. Facilitating an adequate level of PSP relief is a challenging problem: the analgesics that are most frequently used, for example, opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), often come with side effects and do not always provide sufficient pain relief. Therefore, pain management is increasingly focusing on (additional) non-pharmacological analgesics, including Virtual Reality (VR). VR immerses the user in a virtual world through a head mounted device (HMD). VR is, among other things, taught to be effective through distraction: it diverts attention away from the nociceptive input, resulting in less available attention for pain perception. In both clinical and experimental studies, VR has shown to be effective in reducing pain, anxiety and stress. Although this distraction method is increasingly studied in the past years, VR pain relief has mostly been investigated as an intervention during painful procedures in specific research populations. For example, VR has been studied during wound dressing changes in burn wound patients in children and adolescents, during venipuncture in children or during dental treatments. Furthermore, most VR studies used VR as a single intervention, measuring pre-post differences in pain scores or used a cross over design with one VR session and one control session. It is interesting to know whether VR is effective in reducing postoperative pain during more than one VR session. More research is needed in larger trials evaluating a broad sample of the general population including elderly, as the common hospitalized patient is of an older age nowadays. Finally, it is important to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of VR in postoperative patients and to know whether there are predictive factors to select patients who can mostly benefit from VR interventions.
Interventions
DEVICEVirtual Reality
The Virtual Reality intervention is used for 10 minutes minimal 3 times a day on postoperative day 2-4.
Sponsors
Radboud University Medical Center
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
An explorative study using a randomized controlled parallel design.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
16 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Patient underwent surgery * Patient reports a postoperative pain score ≥4 on the first postoperative day at the surgical ward and pain score should also be marked with 'pain is not acceptable'. * At the day of recruitment, the estimated length of stay is at least 4 days after inclusion. * Patient is willing and able to comply with the trial protocol. * Patient is at least 16 years old on the day the informed consent form will be signed.
Exclusion criteria
* Patient suffers from delirium or acute confusional state. * Patient has (a history of) dementia, seizure or epilepsy. * Patient with severe hearing/visual impairment not corrected. * Patient is placed in isolation. * The skin of the patient's head or face is not intact (for example head wounds, psoriasis, eczema). * Unplanned (re)admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). * Inclusion in another trial to evaluate new ways of treating pain
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Mean Daily pain score (VAS, visual analogue scale) | day 1-4, the first four postoperative days on the surgical ward | Pain on average in the last 24h. VAS (visual analogue scale): 0-100 mm, 0 is defined as no pain at all, 100 is the worst pain the patient can imagine. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Mean Daily worst pain score (VAS) | day 1-4, the first four postoperative days on the surgical ward. | Worst pain in the last 24h. |
| Effect of pain on mobility (NRS, Numeric Rating Scale) | day 1-4, the first four postoperative days on the surgical ward. | NRS score (Numeric Rating Scale): 0-10. 0 is defined as no pain at all, 10 is the worst pain the patient can imagine. |
| Difference in pain scores pre- and post- VR intervention (VAS) | Day 2-4 on the surgical ward. | Pain pre- and postintervention in the VR intervention group. |
| Quality of recovery -15 questionnaire. | day 1-4, the first four postoperative days on the surgical ward. | Quality of recovery -15 questionnaire. |
| Mean Daily Anxiety score (VAS). | day 1-4, the first four postoperative days on the surgical ward. | Anxiety on average in the last 24h. |
| Mean Daily Stress score (VAS) | day 1-4, the first four postoperative days on the surgical ward. | Stress on average in the last 24h. |
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)-6 questionnaire. | day 1-4, the first four postoperative days on the surgical ward. | State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)-6 questionnaire. |
| Time to 30% pain reduction compared to pain scores on postoperative day 1. | day 1-4, the first four postoperative days on the surgical ward. | Time to 30% pain reduction compared to pain scores on postoperative day 1. |
| Difference in stress scores pre- and post- VR intervention. (VAS) | Day 2-4 on the surgical ward. | Stress pre- and postintervention in the VR intervention group. |
| Difference in depression scores pre- and post- VR intervention. (VAS) | Day 2-4 on the surgical ward. | Depression pre- and postintervention in the VR intervention group. |
| Analgesic use | day 1-4, the first four postoperative days on the surgical ward. | Analgesic use (paracetamol, NSAIDs, opioids, use of add-on/escape medication, daily defined dose of opioid, days to removal of epidural analgesia or PCA (patient-controlled intravenous analgesia, morphine IV), days to converting from opioids to NSAIDs or paracetamol without opioids). |
| Feasibility of VR | Day 1-4 postoperative | Questionnaire, interview |
| Patients acceptability | Day 1-4 postoperative | Questionnaire, interview |
| Tolerability of Virtual Reality | Day 1-4 postoperative | Questionnaire, interview |
| Difference in anxiety scores pre- and post- VR intervention. (VAS) | Day 2-4 on the surgical ward. | Anxiety pre- and postintervention in the VR intervention group. |
Countries
Netherlands
Outcome results
None listed