Drug Use, Substance-Related Disorders, Underage Drinking
Conditions
Keywords
Primary Prevention, Adolescent Behavior, Family, Personal Communication
Brief summary
The current study aims to test the efficacy of a family communication-based, novel, adaptable, and resource-efficient substance misuse preventive intervention for parents/guardians of pre/early adolescents (grades 5-7). The short-term goal of this study is to increase the quality time that parents spend with their children through eating meals together, and in so doing, talking about the harms associated with substance use (intermediate endpoint), which will in turn, lead to the long-term goal of preventing the initiation and misuse of substances among their children as they enter adolescence.
Detailed description
The prevention of substance use and misuse among adolescents is a national public health priority. Universal prevention programs that include parents/guardians (referred to as parents) in this effort have been shown to prevent and reduce substance use problems among adolescents. However, the programs that have been most effective are resource and participant intensive. In addition, the majority of the current programs are not gender-specific and in some cases, long-term effects have been shown for one gender but not the other. The purpose of the current study is to test the efficacy of a brief, communication-based, substance use preventive intervention for parents of pre/early adolescents. The proposal is based on data from a study funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) where the investigative team conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the intervention among 70 parents/guardians and their children. The intervention was found to be acceptable and feasible to participants and families in the intervention had increased parent-child communication about substance use compared to those in the control condition. The purpose of the pilot study was to lay the groundwork for a large-scale trial of the intervention with 500 parent-child dyads. The brief intervention framework utilizes a one-time live (in person or remote) session and a follow-up phone call with a communication specialist to facilitate parents' roles as preventionists, which will focus on family interactions at meals, the role of peers in substance use, and parent-child communication about substance use. For this live session, parents will be asked to review a handbook with gender-specific information that emphasizes engaging in family meals, communication, and talking with their child about the harms of substance use. For the home-based component, tips and reminders with content from the handbooks will be sent via text messages throughout the three-month study period. Parents in the comparison condition will receive a handbook, similar in length and structure, on nutrition and physical activity, as well as receive comparison text messages and meet with a study team member. All study materials will be available in English and Spanish. It is hypothesized that over the study period, parents randomized to the intervention will have an increased frequency of parent-child communication about substance use. It is also hypothesized that these parents will have more positive and fewer negative family interactions during meals and qualitatively better content of conversations about substance use with their children compared to parents in the comparison condition. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that compared to children of parents in the comparison condition, children of parents who receive the intervention will self-report reduced intentions and willingness to use substances, reduced affiliation with substance-using peers, and increased negative attitudes and expectancies regarding substance use, and secondarily, lower rates of substance use initiation.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALThe SUPPER Project
Substance Use Promoted by Eating family meals Regularly
BEHAVIORALImproving nutrition and physical activity among youth
A brief intervention focused on improving nutrition and physical activity among youth
Sponsors
Brown University
Tufts University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
9 Years to 14 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* The parent/guardian must have a child between 5th-7th grades at the start of the project; * The parent must be the custodial parent, living with the child at least 50% of the time (as in the case of joint custody); and * Parental consent and child assent are obtained.
Exclusion criteria
* Parents of children with self-identified developmental disabilities who would have difficulty understanding the baseline assessment; and * Parents or families who are not able to speak, read, and understand English or Spanish well enough to complete study procedures.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Child Intentions to Use Substances | 18 months | One item from the Youth Alcohol and Drug Survey will assess child's intention to use substances in the next 30 days. The question is asked for each substance and has the response options 'No', 'Probably No', 'Probably Yes', 'Yes'. Response options are dichotomized to (1) No \[which includes 'No' and 'Probably No'\] and (2) Yes \[which includes 'Probably Yes' and 'Yes'\]. This measure was reported by children only. |
| Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3 months (short-term) and 18 months (long-term) | Frequency of conversations was measured using an item adapted from a measure for parent-child communication about sex (Miller et al, 1998). Question: During the past 3-months, how many times have you and your child talked about \[substance\]? The same question assessed frequency for each substance of interest (alcohol, cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cannabis, other drugs) on a five-point Likert scale from None to A lot. Responses were dichotomized as Several or A lot versus None, Once, or A few times. This measure was reported by parents and children. |
| Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months (short-term) and 18 months (long-term) | An adapted version of the Targeted Parent-Child Communication about Alcohol Scale (Miller-Day et al, 2010) was used to assess targeted communication about alcohol and other drugs use. The ten-item assesses parents' agreement on having communication about substance use related topics and applying strategies parents may have discussed with their child. Items were assessed on a six-point Likert scale from Strongly agree to Strongly disagree. Responses were dichotomized as Agree or Strongly Agree versus Strongly Disagree to Somewhat Agree. This measure was reported by parents and children. |
| Parent-child Audio-recorded Conversations About Substance Use | 12 months | The prompts, modeled after the Family Assessment Task (FAsTask) where parents and adolescents have a conversation about substance use and related behaviors, were developed by the study team (Spirito et al, 2011). The same prompts are used at each time point. The sub-scales (expectations, messaging, communication style, and strategies) range from 1 to 9 (higher values represent a higher quality conversation compared to lower values). The overall combined score ranges from 4 to 36 (higher values represent a higher quality conversation compared to lower values). |
| Quality of Video-recorded Family Mealtime Interactions | 12 months | The mean quality of mealtime interactions is measured using various scales from the Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales (IFIRS) coding system: Dyadic Interaction Scales, Dyadic Relationship Scales, Group Interactions Scales, and Parenting Scales. Observed behaviors from 3 video-recorded family meals are assessed and scored on a 9-point scale. A higher score indicates coders observed a higher intensity and/or frequency of the construct in the video-recorded family meals. Each IFIRS scale is scored individually, and the average across the 3 family meals is reported. The items were organized into four subscales: Communication (range: 4-36), Parenting Style (range: 5-45), Dyad Relationship (range: 5-45), and Group Enjoyment (range: 1-9). |
| Child Substance Use Expectancies (Alcohol) | 18 months | Positive and negative expectancies about the affective, cognitive, and behavioral effects of alcohol use will be assessed with the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire-Adolescent Form, short version. The tool is comprised of 27 items, each with response options ranging from (1) Strongly Disagree to (6) Strongly Agree. Questions 6, 9, 17, and 26 are scored in opposite direction before they are included in the negative sub-scale (remaining items are included in the positive sub-scale). Sub-scales are created by averaging the items and range from 1 to 6. A higher score on the positive expectancies scale indicates a greater belief that alcohol has desirable effects, and a higher score on the negative expectancies scale indicates a greater belief that alcohol has undesirable effects. This measure was reported by children only. |
| Child Substance Use Expectancies (Cigarettes) | 18 months | Positive and negative expectancies about the affective, cognitive, and behavioral effects of cigarette use will be assessed with the Positive and Negative Outcome Expectancies of Smoking scale. The tool comprises 12 items, each with response options ranging from (1) Strongly Disagree to (6) Strongly Agree. The tool has two subscales (positive expectancies, determined by 7 questions; negative expectancies, determined by 5 questions). Summary scores for both the positive and negative expectancies are created. Summary score values range from 0-7 for positive, 0-5 for negative expectancies. Higher score on positive expectancies scale indicates a greater belief that there are positive outcomes of smoking. Higher score on negative expectancies scale indicates a greater belief in negative consequences of smoking. This measure was reported by children only. |
| Child Substance Use Expectancies (Marijuana) | 18 months | Positive and negative expectancies about the affective, cognitive, and behavioral effects of marijuana use will be assessed with an adapted version of the Marijuana Effect Expectancies Questionnaire - Brief. The tool comprises three standalone subscales (Relaxation/Tension Reduction, Cognitive/Behavioral Impairment, Global Negative Effects) for a total of 27 items. Each item has responses ranging from (1) Strongly Disagree to (6) Strongly Agree. Scores for each subscale are calculated by averaging item scores within that subscale. Each subscale score range is from 1 - 6. Higher scores on each scale indicate greater expectations positive expectancies (Relaxation/Tension Reduction) and negative expectancies (Cognitive/Behavioral Impairment and Global Negative Effects) associated with marijuana use. This measure was reported by children only. |
| Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | 18 months | Using an item from the Monitoring the Future study, children will be asked how many of their friends they think use substances. The item is repeated for each substance. This measure was reported by children only. |
| Child Willingness to Use Substances | 18 months | Child willingness to use substances will be assessed through three items adapted from the measure combining intention and willingness originally developed for tobacco and amphetamines found in Gibbons et al. (1998) Reasoned Action and Social Reaction: Willingness and Intention as Independent Predictors of Health Risk. The three items will be asked for each substance. Each item has response options ranging from (1) Not at all likely to (6) Very likely. Response options are transformed to binary format such that 0 represents (1) Not at all likely and 1 represents (2) Unlikely to (6) Very Likely. The three binary items are then averaged for each substance and scores range from 0 to 1 (0 being not willing at all and 1 being somewhat to very likely willing to use the substance). This measure was reported by children only. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | 18 months | Substance use initiation for each substance will be assessed with three items from the Drug Use Questionnaire. The items will be asked for each substance. Child responds Yes/No to the have you ever used \[substance\]? question. This measure was reported by children only. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
The protocol enrollment reflects the number of parent and child dyads enrolled in the study. Before COVID-19, participants were recruited through schools. After COVID-19, participants were recruited through community-based organizations and an online recruitment company.
Pre-assignment details
Participants were screened for eligibility and had to complete all baseline assessments. Parents and children were eligible to participate if: (1) the child was enrolled in 5th, 6th, or 7th grade at a school within Massachusetts at the time of recruitment, (2) the child and parent were able to independently complete study activities in English or Spanish, (3) the parent and child were living together at least 50% of the time, (4) parents consent to participate and child gives assent.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention Parents were given a handbook specific to the gender of their child that provides information and advice communication and substance use prevention. Parents then participated in a one-hour session with an interventionist where the main points in the handbook were reviewed and they filled out an action plan on how to make changes in communication about substances with their child. The interventionist also provided parents with a referral packet. Two weeks after the live session, participants had a half-hour follow-up phone call with the same study interventionist. For the home-based component, parents received two messages each week with reminders and tips that reinforce the information covered in the handbook. Finally, participants received a magnet about the importance of family meals that they were instructed to put on their refrigerators. | 192 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children Children discussed with their parents a handbook specific to their gender that provides information and advice on communication and substance use prevention. Children participated with their parents in completing an action plan on how to make changes in communication about substances. Children received reminders and tips that reinforce the information covered in the handbook. Finally, participants received a magnet about the importance of family meals that they were instructed to put on their refrigerators. | 192 |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison For the comparison condition, after the baseline assessment, parents received a handbook on nutrition and physical activity entitled: Healthy Eating & Physical Activity Across Your Lifespan: Helping your Child - Tips for Parents. This handbook, which is adapted from the handbook developed by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the Weight Control Information Network, is approximately the same length as the intervention handbook and is available in English and Spanish. It is given with an insert on reducing weight talk and weight teasing in the family. Parents also received a magnet with a message about nutrition and exercise. To control for contact time, these participants met live with a study staff member two weeks after receiving the handbook, completed an action plan, and had the 30-minute call, as well as receive two text messages twice per week for 13 weeks with tips and reminders from the comparison handbook and insert. | 196 |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children Children discussed with their parents a handbook on nutrition and physical activity entitled: Healthy Eating & Physical Activity Across Your Lifespan: Helping your Child - Tips for Parents. This handbook, which is adapted from the handbook developed by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the Weight Control Information Network, is approximately the same length as the intervention handbook and is available in English and Spanish. It is given with an insert on reducing weight talk and weight teasing in the family. Participants also received a magnet with a message about nutrition and exercise. Children also helped their parents complete an action plan and received tips and reminders from the comparison handbook and insert. | 196 |
| Total | 776 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 40 | 46 | 37 | 38 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Substance Use Prevention Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 27.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.8 | 11.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1 | 43.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.8 | 11.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.1 | 42.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.3 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 171 Participants | 42 Participants | 40 Participants | 48 Participants | 41 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 605 Participants | 154 Participants | 156 Participants | 144 Participants | 151 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Frequency of parent-child conversations on substances On drinking alcohol 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 672 Participants | 173 Participants | 160 Participants | 175 Participants | 164 Participants |
| Frequency of parent-child conversations on substances On drinking alcohol 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 104 Participants | 23 Participants | 36 Participants | 17 Participants | 28 Participants |
| Frequency of parent-child conversations on substances On smoking cigarettes 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 696 Participants | 177 Participants | 170 Participants | 180 Participants | 169 Participants |
| Frequency of parent-child conversations on substances On smoking cigarettes 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 80 Participants | 19 Participants | 26 Participants | 12 Participants | 23 Participants |
| Frequency of parent-child conversations on substances On using cannabis 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 701 Participants | 178 Participants | 169 Participants | 178 Participants | 176 Participants |
| Frequency of parent-child conversations on substances On using cannabis 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 75 Participants | 18 Participants | 27 Participants | 14 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Frequency of parent-child conversations on substances On using other drugs 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 688 Participants | 171 Participants | 173 Participants | 175 Participants | 169 Participants |
| Frequency of parent-child conversations on substances On using other drugs 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 88 Participants | 25 Participants | 23 Participants | 17 Participants | 23 Participants |
| Frequency of parent-child conversations on substances On vaping 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 699 Participants | 183 Participants | 165 Participants | 178 Participants | 173 Participants |
| Frequency of parent-child conversations on substances On vaping 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 77 Participants | 13 Participants | 31 Participants | 14 Participants | 19 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 28 Participants | 4 Participants | 7 Participants | 9 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 94 Participants | 28 Participants | 26 Participants | 21 Participants | 19 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 31 Participants | 11 Participants | 4 Participants | 9 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 171 Participants | 42 Participants | 40 Participants | 48 Participants | 41 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 449 Participants | 110 Participants | 118 Participants | 104 Participants | 117 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 776 Participants | 196 Participants | 196 Participants | 192 Participants | 192 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 543 Participants | 102 Participants | 173 Participants | 99 Participants | 169 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 233 Participants | 94 Participants | 23 Participants | 93 Participants | 23 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Asked about their thoughts/opinions Agree | 430 Participants | 115 Participants | 107 Participants | 106 Participants | 102 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Asked about their thoughts/opinions Disagree | 346 Participants | 81 Participants | 89 Participants | 86 Participants | 90 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Given rules to obey Agree | 380 Participants | 111 Participants | 82 Participants | 115 Participants | 72 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Given rules to obey Disagree | 396 Participants | 85 Participants | 114 Participants | 77 Participants | 120 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Lectured or given speech Agree | 307 Participants | 88 Participants | 66 Participants | 84 Participants | 69 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Lectured or given speech Disagree | 469 Participants | 108 Participants | 130 Participants | 108 Participants | 123 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Made a comment on character on TV Agree | 290 Participants | 73 Participants | 78 Participants | 70 Participants | 69 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Made a comment on character on TV Disagree | 486 Participants | 123 Participants | 118 Participants | 122 Participants | 123 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Not directly talked but given hints Agree | 207 Participants | 64 Participants | 41 Participants | 58 Participants | 44 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Not directly talked but given hints Disagree | 569 Participants | 132 Participants | 155 Participants | 134 Participants | 148 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Shown information about the dangers Agree | 209 Participants | 59 Participants | 47 Participants | 50 Participants | 53 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Shown information about the dangers Disagree | 567 Participants | 137 Participants | 149 Participants | 142 Participants | 139 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Talked about how to handle offers Agree | 407 Participants | 116 Participants | 88 Participants | 122 Participants | 81 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Talked about how to handle offers Disagree | 369 Participants | 80 Participants | 108 Participants | 70 Participants | 111 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Told stories of people Agree | 341 Participants | 75 Participants | 104 Participants | 58 Participants | 104 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Told stories of people Disagree | 435 Participants | 121 Participants | 92 Participants | 134 Participants | 88 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Told they would be disappointed Agree | 292 Participants | 95 Participants | 57 Participants | 91 Participants | 49 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Told they would be disappointed Disagree | 484 Participants | 101 Participants | 139 Participants | 101 Participants | 143 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Warned about the dangers Agree | 631 Participants | 168 Participants | 157 Participants | 164 Participants | 142 Participants |
| Targeted parent-child communication on substance use Warned about the dangers Disagree | 145 Participants | 28 Participants | 39 Participants | 28 Participants | 50 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 201 | 0 / 201 | 0 / 201 | 0 / 201 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 201 | 0 / 201 | 0 / 201 | 0 / 201 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 201 | 0 / 201 | 0 / 201 | 0 / 201 |
Outcome results
Primary
Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers
Using an item from the Monitoring the Future study, children will be asked how many of their friends they think use substances. The item is repeated for each substance. This measure was reported by children only.
Time frame: 18 months
Population: Sample sizes differ based on how many children completed the survey at each follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you think smoke cigarettes? | Some to most | 11 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you think use marijuana? | None | 131 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you estimate occassionally drink alcohol? | None | 124 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you estimate occassionally use e-cigarettes or vapes? | Some to most | 29 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you think smoke cigarettes? | None | 137 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you estimate occassionally use e-cigarettes or vapes? | None | 117 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you estimate occassionally drink alcohol? | Some to most | 21 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you think use marijuana? | Some to most | 15 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you think use other drugs? | None | 140 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you think use other drugs? | Some to most | 4 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you think use other drugs? | None | 139 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you estimate occassionally drink alcohol? | Some to most | 15 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you estimate occassionally drink alcohol? | None | 126 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you think smoke cigarettes? | Some to most | 4 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you think smoke cigarettes? | None | 143 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you think use marijuana? | Some to most | 11 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you think use marijuana? | None | 137 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you estimate occassionally use e-cigarettes or vapes? | Some to most | 23 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you estimate occassionally use e-cigarettes or vapes? | None | 119 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Affiliation With Substance-using Peers | How many of your friends do you think use other drugs? | Some to most | 2 Participants |
Primary
Child Intentions to Use Substances
One item from the Youth Alcohol and Drug Survey will assess child's intention to use substances in the next 30 days. The question is asked for each substance and has the response options 'No', 'Probably No', 'Probably Yes', 'Yes'. Response options are dichotomized to (1) No \[which includes 'No' and 'Probably No'\] and (2) Yes \[which includes 'Probably Yes' and 'Yes'\]. This measure was reported by children only.
Time frame: 18 months
Population: Sample sizes differ based on how many children completed the survey at each follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Intentions to Use Substances | Alcohol - Plan to use in the next 30 days | Yes | 0 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Intentions to Use Substances | Alcohol - Plan to use in the next 30 days | No | 147 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Intentions to Use Substances | Cigarettes - Plan to use in the next 30 days | Yes | 0 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Intentions to Use Substances | Cigarettes - Plan to use in the next 30 days | No | 147 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Intentions to Use Substances | Cannabis - Plan to use in the next 30 days | Yes | 0 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Intentions to Use Substances | Cannabis - Plan to use in the next 30 days | No | 147 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Intentions to Use Substances | E-cigarettes or vapes - Plan to use in the next 30 days | Yes | 1 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Intentions to Use Substances | E-cigarettes or vapes - Plan to use in the next 30 days | No | 146 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Intentions to Use Substances | Other drugs - Plan to use in the next 30 days | Yes | 0 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Intentions to Use Substances | Other drugs - Plan to use in the next 30 days | No | 144 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Intentions to Use Substances | E-cigarettes or vapes - Plan to use in the next 30 days | No | 147 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Intentions to Use Substances | Alcohol - Plan to use in the next 30 days | Yes | 0 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Intentions to Use Substances | Cannabis - Plan to use in the next 30 days | No | 147 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Intentions to Use Substances | Alcohol - Plan to use in the next 30 days | No | 146 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Intentions to Use Substances | Other drugs - Plan to use in the next 30 days | No | 140 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Intentions to Use Substances | Cigarettes - Plan to use in the next 30 days | Yes | 0 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Intentions to Use Substances | E-cigarettes or vapes - Plan to use in the next 30 days | Yes | 1 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Intentions to Use Substances | Cigarettes - Plan to use in the next 30 days | No | 148 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Intentions to Use Substances | Other drugs - Plan to use in the next 30 days | Yes | 0 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Intentions to Use Substances | Cannabis - Plan to use in the next 30 days | Yes | 0 Participants |
Primary
Child Substance Use Expectancies (Alcohol)
Positive and negative expectancies about the affective, cognitive, and behavioral effects of alcohol use will be assessed with the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire-Adolescent Form, short version. The tool is comprised of 27 items, each with response options ranging from (1) Strongly Disagree to (6) Strongly Agree. Questions 6, 9, 17, and 26 are scored in opposite direction before they are included in the negative sub-scale (remaining items are included in the positive sub-scale). Sub-scales are created by averaging the items and range from 1 to 6. A higher score on the positive expectancies scale indicates a greater belief that alcohol has desirable effects, and a higher score on the negative expectancies scale indicates a greater belief that alcohol has undesirable effects. This measure was reported by children only.
Time frame: 18 months
Population: Sample sizes differ based on how many children completed the survey at each follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Substance Use Expectancies (Alcohol) | Positive expectancies | 2.55 score | Standard Deviation 0.08 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Substance Use Expectancies (Alcohol) | Negative expectancies | 4.24 score | Standard Deviation 0.09 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Substance Use Expectancies (Alcohol) | Positive expectancies | 2.53 score | Standard Deviation 0.07 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Substance Use Expectancies (Alcohol) | Negative expectancies | 4.23 score | Standard Deviation 0.09 |
Primary
Child Substance Use Expectancies (Cigarettes)
Positive and negative expectancies about the affective, cognitive, and behavioral effects of cigarette use will be assessed with the Positive and Negative Outcome Expectancies of Smoking scale. The tool comprises 12 items, each with response options ranging from (1) Strongly Disagree to (6) Strongly Agree. The tool has two subscales (positive expectancies, determined by 7 questions; negative expectancies, determined by 5 questions). Summary scores for both the positive and negative expectancies are created. Summary score values range from 0-7 for positive, 0-5 for negative expectancies. Higher score on positive expectancies scale indicates a greater belief that there are positive outcomes of smoking. Higher score on negative expectancies scale indicates a greater belief in negative consequences of smoking. This measure was reported by children only.
Time frame: 18 months
Population: Sample sizes differ based on how many children completed the survey at each follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Substance Use Expectancies (Cigarettes) | Positive expectancies | 1.68 score | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Substance Use Expectancies (Cigarettes) | Negative expectancies | 5.15 score | Standard Error 0.07 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Substance Use Expectancies (Cigarettes) | Positive expectancies | 1.57 score | Standard Error 0.05 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Substance Use Expectancies (Cigarettes) | Negative expectancies | 5.22 score | Standard Error 0.07 |
Primary
Child Substance Use Expectancies (Marijuana)
Positive and negative expectancies about the affective, cognitive, and behavioral effects of marijuana use will be assessed with an adapted version of the Marijuana Effect Expectancies Questionnaire - Brief. The tool comprises three standalone subscales (Relaxation/Tension Reduction, Cognitive/Behavioral Impairment, Global Negative Effects) for a total of 27 items. Each item has responses ranging from (1) Strongly Disagree to (6) Strongly Agree. Scores for each subscale are calculated by averaging item scores within that subscale. Each subscale score range is from 1 - 6. Higher scores on each scale indicate greater expectations positive expectancies (Relaxation/Tension Reduction) and negative expectancies (Cognitive/Behavioral Impairment and Global Negative Effects) associated with marijuana use. This measure was reported by children only.
Time frame: 18 months
Population: Sample sizes differ based on how many children completed the survey at each follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Substance Use Expectancies (Marijuana) | Positive expectancies | 2.69 score | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Substance Use Expectancies (Marijuana) | Negative expectancies | 4.04 score | Standard Error 0.12 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Substance Use Expectancies (Marijuana) | Positive expectancies | 2.73 score | Standard Error 0.1 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Substance Use Expectancies (Marijuana) | Negative expectancies | 4.16 score | Standard Error 0.12 |
Primary
Child Willingness to Use Substances
Child willingness to use substances will be assessed through three items adapted from the measure combining intention and willingness originally developed for tobacco and amphetamines found in Gibbons et al. (1998) Reasoned Action and Social Reaction: Willingness and Intention as Independent Predictors of Health Risk. The three items will be asked for each substance. Each item has response options ranging from (1) Not at all likely to (6) Very likely. Response options are transformed to binary format such that 0 represents (1) Not at all likely and 1 represents (2) Unlikely to (6) Very Likely. The three binary items are then averaged for each substance and scores range from 0 to 1 (0 being not willing at all and 1 being somewhat to very likely willing to use the substance). This measure was reported by children only.
Time frame: 18 months
Population: Sample sizes differ based on how many children completed the survey at each follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Willingness to Use Substances | Cigarettes - Willingness to use | 0.22 score | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Willingness to Use Substances | E-cigarettes or vaping - Willingness to use | 0.34 score | Standard Deviation 0.85 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Willingness to Use Substances | Cannabis - Willingness to use | 0.24 score | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Willingness to Use Substances | Other drugs - Willingness to use | 0.12 score | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Child Willingness to Use Substances | Alcohol - Willingness to use | 0.27 score | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Willingness to Use Substances | Other drugs - Willingness to use | 0.17 score | Standard Deviation 0.49 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Willingness to Use Substances | Alcohol - Willingness to use | 0.26 score | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Willingness to Use Substances | Cigarettes - Willingness to use | 0.13 score | Standard Deviation 0.41 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Willingness to Use Substances | Cannabis - Willingness to use | 0.15 score | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Child Willingness to Use Substances | E-cigarettes or vaping - Willingness to use | 0.21 score | Standard Deviation 0.56 |
Primary
Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances
Frequency of conversations was measured using an item adapted from a measure for parent-child communication about sex (Miller et al, 1998). Question: During the past 3-months, how many times have you and your child talked about \[substance\]? The same question assessed frequency for each substance of interest (alcohol, cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cannabis, other drugs) on a five-point Likert scale from None to A lot. Responses were dichotomized as Several or A lot versus None, Once, or A few times. This measure was reported by parents and children.
Time frame: 3 months (short-term) and 18 months (long-term)
Population: Sample sizes differ for parent- and child-reported data based on how many parents and children completed the survey at each follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using marijuana | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 119 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - drinking alcohol | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 106 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using e-cigarettes or vaping | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 108 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using marijuana | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 38 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using e-cigarettes or vaping | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 40 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - drinking alcohol | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 87 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using e-cigarettes or vaping | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 117 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - drinking alcohol | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 91 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using other drugs | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 28 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using marijuana | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 61 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using marijuana | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 117 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - smoking cigarettes | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 124 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - smoking cigarettes | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 79 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using other drugs | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 129 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - smoking cigarettes | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 99 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using e-cigarettes or vaping | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 70 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - smoking cigarettes | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 33 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using other drugs | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 55 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using other drugs | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 123 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - drinking alcohol | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 51 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using marijuana | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 125 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - drinking alcohol | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 30 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using other drugs | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 23 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using marijuana | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 26 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using marijuana | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 158 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - drinking alcohol | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 121 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - drinking alcohol | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 32 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using other drugs | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 128 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using other drugs | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 153 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using e-cigarettes or vaping | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 22 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - smoking cigarettes | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 28 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using e-cigarettes or vaping | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 129 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using other drugs | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 25 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using e-cigarettes or vaping | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 150 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - smoking cigarettes | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 22 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using e-cigarettes or vaping | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 28 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - smoking cigarettes | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 150 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using marijuana | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 20 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - drinking alcohol | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 146 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - smoking cigarettes | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 129 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using e-cigarettes or vaping | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 33 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - drinking alcohol | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 29 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - drinking alcohol | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 156 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using e-cigarettes or vaping | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 28 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using e-cigarettes or vaping | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 157 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using marijuana | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 27 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using marijuana | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 158 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - smoking cigarettes | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 23 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - smoking cigarettes | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 162 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using other drugs | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 20 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using other drugs | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 165 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - drinking alcohol | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 36 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - drinking alcohol | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 124 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using e-cigarettes or vaping | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 127 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using marijuana | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 30 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using marijuana | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 130 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - smoking cigarettes | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 28 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - smoking cigarettes | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 132 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using other drugs | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 26 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using other drugs | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 134 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using other drugs | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 166 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using other drugs | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 19 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using other drugs | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 19 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using marijuana | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 137 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - smoking cigarettes | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 164 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - smoking cigarettes | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 21 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - drinking alcohol | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 165 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - smoking cigarettes | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 18 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using marijuana | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 168 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using marijuana | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 17 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - drinking alcohol | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 20 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - smoking cigarettes | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 141 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using e-cigarettes or vaping | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 168 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using e-cigarettes or vaping | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 18 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 3-months - using e-cigarettes or vaping | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 17 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using e-cigarettes or vaping | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 141 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - drinking alcohol | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 131 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - drinking alcohol | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 28 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using other drugs | 'None', 'once', or 'a few times' | 140 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Frequency of Parent-child Conversations on Substances | 18-months - using marijuana | 'Several times' or 'a lot' | 22 Participants |
Comparison: A sample size of 400 parents and children was calculated to yield 80% power to detect one or more differences between the intervention and control arms, of 45% in talking about alcohol, 20% about marijuana, and 20% about other drugs, using a two-sided Bonferroni-corrected 1.5% level of significance (based on estimates from the pilot trial).p-value: <0.00195% CI: [2.02, 4.04]Generalized estimation
p-value: <0.00195% CI: [1.67, 3.45]Generalized estimation
p-value: <0.00195% CI: [1.62, 3.43]Generalized estimation
p-value: <0.00195% CI: [2.34, 5.08]Generalized estimation
p-value: <0.00195% CI: [1.58, 3.86]Generalized estimation
p-value: 0.0495% CI: [1.02, 2.06]Generalized estimation
Primary
Parent-child Audio-recorded Conversations About Substance Use
The prompts, modeled after the Family Assessment Task (FAsTask) where parents and adolescents have a conversation about substance use and related behaviors, were developed by the study team (Spirito et al, 2011). The same prompts are used at each time point. The sub-scales (expectations, messaging, communication style, and strategies) range from 1 to 9 (higher values represent a higher quality conversation compared to lower values). The overall combined score ranges from 4 to 36 (higher values represent a higher quality conversation compared to lower values).
Time frame: 12 months
Population: Sample sizes differ at each follow-up based on how many parents and children completed the audio submission.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Parent-child Audio-recorded Conversations About Substance Use | Messaging | 4.7 score | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Parent-child Audio-recorded Conversations About Substance Use | Strategies | 2.4 score | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Parent-child Audio-recorded Conversations About Substance Use | Communication style | 5.5 score | Standard Deviation 1.6 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Parent-child Audio-recorded Conversations About Substance Use | Overall combined score | 16 score | Standard Deviation 4 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Parent-child Audio-recorded Conversations About Substance Use | Expectations | 3.5 score | Standard Deviation 2.1 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Parent-child Audio-recorded Conversations About Substance Use | Overall combined score | 15.5 score | Standard Deviation 3.5 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Parent-child Audio-recorded Conversations About Substance Use | Expectations | 3.2 score | Standard Deviation 1.9 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Parent-child Audio-recorded Conversations About Substance Use | Messaging | 4.6 score | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Parent-child Audio-recorded Conversations About Substance Use | Communication style | 5.5 score | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Parent-child Audio-recorded Conversations About Substance Use | Strategies | 2.2 score | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
Primary
Quality of Video-recorded Family Mealtime Interactions
The mean quality of mealtime interactions is measured using various scales from the Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales (IFIRS) coding system: Dyadic Interaction Scales, Dyadic Relationship Scales, Group Interactions Scales, and Parenting Scales. Observed behaviors from 3 video-recorded family meals are assessed and scored on a 9-point scale. A higher score indicates coders observed a higher intensity and/or frequency of the construct in the video-recorded family meals. Each IFIRS scale is scored individually, and the average across the 3 family meals is reported. The items were organized into four subscales: Communication (range: 4-36), Parenting Style (range: 5-45), Dyad Relationship (range: 5-45), and Group Enjoyment (range: 1-9).
Time frame: 12 months
Population: Sample sizes differ at each follow-up based on how many parents and children completed the video submission.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Quality of Video-recorded Family Mealtime Interactions | Parent communication | 28.9 score | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Quality of Video-recorded Family Mealtime Interactions | Parenting style | 30.3 score | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Quality of Video-recorded Family Mealtime Interactions | Dyad relationship | 25.7 score | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Quality of Video-recorded Family Mealtime Interactions | Group enjoyment | 4.5 score | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Quality of Video-recorded Family Mealtime Interactions | Group enjoyment | 4.2 score | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Quality of Video-recorded Family Mealtime Interactions | Parent communication | 28.6 score | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Quality of Video-recorded Family Mealtime Interactions | Dyad relationship | 25.8 score | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Quality of Video-recorded Family Mealtime Interactions | Parenting style | 30.1 score | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
Primary
Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use
An adapted version of the Targeted Parent-Child Communication about Alcohol Scale (Miller-Day et al, 2010) was used to assess targeted communication about alcohol and other drugs use. The ten-item assesses parents' agreement on having communication about substance use related topics and applying strategies parents may have discussed with their child. Items were assessed on a six-point Likert scale from Strongly agree to Strongly disagree. Responses were dichotomized as Agree or Strongly Agree versus Strongly Disagree to Somewhat Agree. This measure was reported by parents and children.
Time frame: 3 months (short-term) and 18 months (long-term)
Population: Sample sizes differ for parent- and child-reported data based on how many parents and children completed the survey at each follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - given rules to obey | Agree | 139 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - told they would be disappointed | Disagree | 93 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - warned about the dangers | Agree | 114 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - warned about the dangers | Disagree | 43 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - lectured or given speech | Disagree | 107 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - talked about how to handle offers | Agree | 95 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - talked about how to handle offers | Disagree | 62 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - given rules to obey | Disagree | 42 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - lectured or given speech | Agree | 50 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - given rules to obey | Agree | 87 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - given rules to obey | Disagree | 70 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - shown information about the dangers | Disagree | 110 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - not directly talked but given hints on not to use | Disagree | 139 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - not directly talked but given hints on not to use | Agree | 18 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - not directly talked but given hints on not to use | Agree | 18 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - shown information about the dangers | Agree | 56 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - not directly talked but given hints on not to use | Disagree | 163 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - warned about the dangers | Disagree | 19 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - lectured or given speech | Agree | 71 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - told they would be disappointed | Disagree | 101 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - lectured or given speech | Disagree | 110 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - made a comment if a character on TV is drinking/drunk | Agree | 83 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - asked about their thoughts or opinions | Disagree | 58 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - told they would be disappointed | Agree | 56 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - made a comment if a character on TV is drinking/drunk | Disagree | 98 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - talked about how to handle offers | Agree | 137 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - told stories of people who drink or have been drunk or use drugs | Agree | 112 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - told stories of people who drink or have been drunk or use drugs | Disagree | 67 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - told stories of people who drink or have been drunk or use drugs | Disagree | 69 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - shown information about the dangers | Disagree | 101 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - told they would be disappointed | Agree | 88 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - told stories of people who drink or have been drunk or use drugs | Agree | 90 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - talked about how to handle offers | Disagree | 44 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - shown information about the dangers | Agree | 71 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - made a comment if a character on TV is drinking/drunk | Disagree | 88 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - warned about the dangers | Agree | 162 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - asked about their thoughts or opinions | Agree | 144 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - asked about their thoughts or opinions | Agree | 99 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - made a comment if a character on TV is drinking/drunk | Agree | 69 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - asked about their thoughts or opinions | Disagree | 37 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - asked about their thoughts or opinions | Disagree | 80 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - lectured or given speech | Disagree | 98 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - talked about how to handle offers | Agree | 93 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - warned about the dangers | Agree | 108 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - given rules to obey | Agree | 111 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - lectured or given speech | Disagree | 89 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - told they would be disappointed | Agree | 59 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - warned about the dangers | Disagree | 43 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - warned about the dangers | Agree | 147 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - told they would be disappointed | Agree | 77 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - made a comment if a character on TV is drinking/drunk | Agree | 84 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - shown information about the dangers | Disagree | 115 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - lectured or given speech | Agree | 62 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - asked about their thoughts or opinions | Agree | 64 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - talked about how to handle offers | Disagree | 58 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - shown information about the dangers | Disagree | 131 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - told they would be disappointed | Disagree | 104 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - made a comment if a character on TV is drinking/drunk | Disagree | 97 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - given rules to obey | Agree | 92 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - given rules to obey | Disagree | 70 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - not directly talked but given hints on not to use | Disagree | 129 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - asked about their thoughts or opinions | Agree | 101 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - given rules to obey | Disagree | 59 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - told stories of people who drink or have been drunk or use drugs | Disagree | 96 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - made a comment if a character on TV is drinking/drunk | Disagree | 104 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - told stories of people who drink or have been drunk or use drugs | Agree | 60 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - not directly talked but given hints on not to use | Agree | 22 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - shown information about the dangers | Agree | 36 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - talked about how to handle offers | Agree | 125 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - not directly talked but given hints on not to use | Agree | 39 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - asked about their thoughts or opinions | Disagree | 87 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - made a comment if a character on TV is drinking/drunk | Agree | 47 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - shown information about the dangers | Agree | 50 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - not directly talked but given hints on not to use | Disagree | 142 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - told stories of people who drink or have been drunk or use drugs | Disagree | 121 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - told they would be disappointed | Disagree | 92 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - talked about how to handle offers | Disagree | 56 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - lectured or given speech | Agree | 83 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - warned about the dangers | Disagree | 34 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - told stories of people who drink or have been drunk or use drugs | Agree | 55 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - lectured or given speech | Disagree | 128 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - warned about the dangers | Agree | 126 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - warned about the dangers | Disagree | 59 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - talked about how to handle offers | Agree | 81 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - talked about how to handle offers | Disagree | 104 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - given rules to obey | Agree | 61 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - given rules to obey | Disagree | 124 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - not directly talked but given hints on not to use | Agree | 29 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - not directly talked but given hints on not to use | Disagree | 156 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - lectured or given speech | Agree | 41 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - lectured or given speech | Disagree | 144 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - made a comment if a character on TV is drinking/drunk | Agree | 57 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - made a comment if a character on TV is drinking/drunk | Disagree | 128 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - told stories of people who drink or have been drunk or use drugs | Agree | 86 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - told stories of people who drink or have been drunk or use drugs | Disagree | 99 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - told they would be disappointed | Agree | 47 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - told they would be disappointed | Disagree | 138 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - shown information about the dangers | Agree | 48 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - shown information about the dangers | Disagree | 137 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - asked about their thoughts or opinions | Agree | 83 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - asked about their thoughts or opinions | Disagree | 102 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - warned about the dangers | Agree | 105 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - warned about the dangers | Disagree | 55 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - talked about how to handle offers | Agree | 76 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - talked about how to handle offers | Disagree | 84 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - given rules to obey | Agree | 63 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - given rules to obey | Disagree | 97 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - not directly talked but given hints on not to use | Agree | 27 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - not directly talked but given hints on not to use | Disagree | 133 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - lectured or given speech | Agree | 32 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - made a comment if a character on TV is drinking/drunk | Agree | 50 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - made a comment if a character on TV is drinking/drunk | Disagree | 110 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - told stories of people who drink or have been drunk or use drugs | Agree | 76 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - told stories of people who drink or have been drunk or use drugs | Disagree | 84 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - told they would be disappointed | Agree | 41 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - told they would be disappointed | Disagree | 119 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - shown information about the dangers | Agree | 38 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - shown information about the dangers | Disagree | 122 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - asked about their thoughts or opinions | Agree | 84 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - asked about their thoughts or opinions | Disagree | 76 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - lectured or given speech | Disagree | 112 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - asked about their thoughts or opinions | Agree | 81 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - shown information about the dangers | Disagree | 141 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - warned about the dangers | Agree | 143 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - made a comment if a character on TV is drinking/drunk | Agree | 52 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - shown information about the dangers | Agree | 44 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - told they would be disappointed | Disagree | 114 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - shown information about the dangers | Disagree | 122 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - made a comment if a character on TV is drinking/drunk | Disagree | 107 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - told they would be disappointed | Agree | 71 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - told stories of people who drink or have been drunk or use drugs | Disagree | 125 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - talked about how to handle offers | Disagree | 79 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - told stories of people who drink or have been drunk or use drugs | Agree | 52 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - told stories of people who drink or have been drunk or use drugs | Agree | 60 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - made a comment if a character on TV is drinking/drunk | Disagree | 121 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - talked about how to handle offers | Agree | 106 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - told stories of people who drink or have been drunk or use drugs | Disagree | 107 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - made a comment if a character on TV is drinking/drunk | Agree | 64 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - lectured or given speech | Disagree | 117 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - asked about their thoughts or opinions | Disagree | 102 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - told they would be disappointed | Agree | 52 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - lectured or given speech | Agree | 68 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - not directly talked but given hints on not to use | Disagree | 126 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - asked about their thoughts or opinions | Agree | 57 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - told they would be disappointed | Disagree | 107 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - not directly talked but given hints on not to use | Agree | 59 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - given rules to obey | Disagree | 81 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - warned about the dangers | Disagree | 42 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - not directly talked but given hints on not to use | Agree | 49 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - given rules to obey | Disagree | 85 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - given rules to obey | Agree | 74 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - shown information about the dangers | Agree | 37 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - not directly talked but given hints on not to use | Disagree | 110 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - talked about how to handle offers | Disagree | 78 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - talked about how to handle offers | Agree | 81 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - given rules to obey | Agree | 104 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - lectured or given speech | Agree | 47 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - warned about the dangers | Disagree | 51 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 18 months - warned about the dangers | Agree | 108 Participants |
| Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Talk Comparison - Children | Targeted Parent-child Communication on Substance Use | 3 months - asked about their thoughts or opinions | Disagree | 104 Participants |
p-value: <0.00195% CI: [1.18, 1.45]Generalized estimation
p-value: <0.00195% CI: [1.32, 1.83]Generalized estimation
p-value: <0.00195% CI: [1.73, 2.63]Generalized estimation
p-value: 0.00195% CI: [1.25, 2.25]Generalized estimation
p-value: <0.00195% CI: [1.21, 1.9]Generalized estimation
p-value: 0.00895% CI: [1.06, 1.47]Generalized estimation
p-value: <0.00195% CI: [1.29, 2.1]Generalized estimation
p-value: <0.00195% CI: [1.24, 2.15]Generalized estimation
p-value: <0.00195% CI: [1.4, 1.93]Generalized estimation
p-value: 0.00395% CI: [1.12, 1.74]Generalized estimation
p-value: 0.0195% CI: [1.06, 1.78]Generalized estimation
Secondary
Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation
Substance use initiation for each substance will be assessed with three items from the Drug Use Questionnaire. The items will be asked for each substance. Child responds Yes/No to the have you ever used \[substance\]? question. This measure was reported by children only.
Time frame: 18 months
Population: Sample sizes differ based on how many children completed the survey at each follow-up.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | Alcohol | Yes | 14 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | Alcohol | No | 173 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | Cigarettes | Yes | 3 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | Cigarettes | No | 184 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | Cannabis | Yes | 9 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | Cannabis | No | 178 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | E-cigarettes or vaping | Yes | 13 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | E-cigarettes or vaping | No | 174 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | Other drugs | Yes | 1 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | Other drugs | No | 186 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | E-cigarettes or vaping | No | 176 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | Alcohol | Yes | 9 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | Cannabis | No | 179 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | Alcohol | No | 173 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | Other drugs | No | 181 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | Cigarettes | Yes | 2 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | E-cigarettes or vaping | Yes | 6 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | Cigarettes | No | 180 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | Other drugs | Yes | 1 Participants |
| Substance Use Prevention Intervention - Children | Pre/Early-adolescent Substance Use Initiation | Cannabis | Yes | 3 Participants |