Feeding Behavior
Conditions
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the satiation measures that influence human eating behavior in regard to intake of large portion sizes at a meal. The investigators hypothesize that satiation measures will influence the magnitude of the portion size effect at a meal. Additionally, other individual characteristics will be examined for their influence on the portion size effect. The portion size effect will be measured by serving a test meal once a week for four weeks in which the portion size of the entree will be varied.
Interventions
OTHER100% portion size
Entree portion size 100% of baseline
OTHER125% portion size
Entree portion size 125% of baseline
OTHER150% portion size
Entree portion size 150% of baseline
OTHER175% portion size
Entree portion size 175% of baseline
Sponsors
Jenny Craig, Inc.
Penn State University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 70 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Be willing and able to travel to Penn State University Park campus weekly for meals * Be a man or woman 18 - 70 years old * Regularly eat 3 meals/day * Be willing to avoid alcohol the day before and during test days * Have a body mass index between 18.0 and 35.0 kg/m\*m * Be willing to refrain from eating after 10 pm the evening before test sessions * Be willing to participate in all study procedures
Exclusion criteria
* Must not be a smoker * Must not be an athlete in training * Must not be pregnant or breastfeeding at the time of screening * Have taken prescription or non-prescription drugs that may affect appetite or food intake within the last 3 months * Dislike or be unable to eat the test foods (because of allergies, intolerance, or dietary restrictions) * Must not be currently dieting to gain or lose weight * Have a health condition that affects appetite * Have participated in a similar study in our lab in the past year * Must not be a student, faculty, or staff member in nutritional sciences or psychology
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in energy intake | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Calculated energy intake (kcal) based on weight and energy density of food consumed |
| Change in intake by weight | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Weights (grams) of all foods consumed |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in mean bite size | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Assessed from entree intake (grams) and number of bites |
| Change in distribution of estimated bite size | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Assessed as small or large bites from video observation |
| Change in sip count | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | The number of sips of the water during the meal |
| Change in rating of the pleasantness of the taste of the entree sample | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all pleasant (0 mm) to extremely pleasant (100 mm). This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety |
| Change in rating of the pleasantness of the taste of food samples | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all pleasant (0 mm) to extremely pleasant (100 mm). This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety |
| Change in rating of prospective consumption of the entree sample | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from none at all (0 mm) to vary large amount (100 mm) in answer to the question 'How much of the pasta do you want to eat right now?'. This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety |
| Change in rating of prospective consumption of food samples | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from none at all (0 mm) to vary large amount (100 mm) how much of the \[this food\] do you want to eat right now?. This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety |
| Change in rating of hunger | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all hungry (0 mm) to extremely hungry (100 mm) |
| Change in rating of thirst | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all thirsty (0 mm) to extremely thirsty (100 mm) |
| Change in ratings of prospective consumption | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from nothing at all (0 mm) to a large amount (100 mm) in answer to the question 'How much food could you eat right now?'. |
| Change in ratings of nausea | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all nauseated (0 mm) to extremely nauseated (100 mm) |
| Change in rating of fullness | From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all full (0 mm) to extremely full (100 mm) |
| Change in bite count | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | The number of bites of the entree during the meal |
| Change in meal duration | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Duration of the meal in seconds |
| Change in mean bite rate | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Assessed from meal duration (seconds) and number of bites taken |
| Change in mean eating rate | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Assessed from entree intake (grams) and meal duration |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Ratings of Meal Termination due to fullness | At the end of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 100-point visual analog scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree |
| Ratings of Meal Termination due to eating their usual amount | At the end of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 100-point visual analog scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree |
| Ratings of Meal Termination due to eating is no longer a priority | At the end of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 100-point visual analog scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree |
| Ratings of Meal Termination due to there being no food left | At the end of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 100-point visual analog scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree |
| Ratings of Meal Termination due to self-consciousness about amount consumed | At the end of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 100-point visual analog scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree |
| Ratings of Meal Termination due to the food no longer tasting good | At the end of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 100-point visual analog scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree |
| Rating of proportion of meal eaten | At the end of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 100-point visual analog scale ranging from 0% to 100% |
| Rating of calories consumed at the meal | At the end of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | Open ended question |
| Rating of the size of the entree compared to participants' usual portion | At the start of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 100-point visual analog scale ranging from a lot smaller to a lot larger |
| Rating of pleasantness of taste of entree | At the start of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 100-point visual analog scale ranging from not pleasant at all to extremely pleasant |
| Rating of how filling participants expect this amount of food to be | At the start of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 100-point visual analog scale ranging from not at all filling to extremely filling |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed