Presumptively Initiating Vaccines and Optimizing Talk With Motivational Interviewing (PIVOT With MI)

Immunization status was obtained from WA or CO state immunization registry or directly from participating practices. At enrollment, parent/infant dyads completed the Parental Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines short version (PACV-SF), a validated survey scored from 0 to 4. A score of 2 or more represented parent/infant dyad with negative vaccine attitudes. Among parent/infant dyads with negative vaccine attitudes, the child's immunization status at 19 months was calculated based on recommended ages and intervals between doses provided by ACIP for summing late days for each dose of the 8 routine vaccines recommended by 19 months (HepB, rotavirus, DTaP, Hib, pneumococcal conjugate, inactivated polio virus, MMR, and varicella). There was a max of 23 recommended doses for the 8 vaccines - doses varied depending on brand. Total max DUI was a sum of total possible days late for each dose through 19mo(2830 days).Percent DUI was calculated by dividing child's DUI by the total maximum DUI.

Time frame: Child's immunization status at 19 months of age

Population: Infants of parents/caregivers who had negative vaccine attitudes (Parental Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines short form (PACV-SF) score of 2 or higher)

To assess changes in clinicians' perceived self-efficacy when discussing vaccines with parents/infant dyads with negative vaccine attitudes, a survey was administered to all participating clinicians at baseline and at study completion asking about vaccine recommendation behaviors and how they perceived their impact on parental decision making regarding vaccines. Self-efficacy was assessed with a 3-part question scored on a Likert Scale - Strongly Disagree, Somewhat Disagree, Somewhat Agree, Strongly Agree. Changes in perceived self-efficacy over time was assessed by comparing the number of clinicians who answered Strongly Agree or Somewhat Agree to the statement When parents wish to delay or refuse childhood vaccines for their child, there is not much I can say to change their minds at baseline and at post-study. Note that fewer clinicians completed the post-study survey due to such factors as retirement and staff turnover.

Time frame: At Baseline and Post-Intervention (up to 2 years after baseline)

Population: Clinicians enrolled across n=24 clinics (n=12 intervention clinics; n=12 control clinics)

To assess parental satisfaction with their clinician during a health supervision visit, we asked all vaccine hesitant parents (identified by a Parental Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines-Short Form (PAC-V SF) score of 2 or more) in both both intervention and control arms if they would complete an additional 15-question survey over the phone within 24-48 hours after the completion of a health supervision visit for their child around 6 months of age. Due to COVID-19 restrictions, we had to extend the time frame to within 1 week after a health supervision visit at 2, 4, or 6 months of age. Ratings were on a 7-point Likert scale - Very Poor (1), Poor (2), Fair (3), Good (4), Very Good (5), Excellent (6), Outstanding (7). Overall experience with a rating of Good (4) or higher was considered to be a satisfactory visit.

Time frame: approximately 6 months post birth

Population: A subset of parent/infant dyads in both intervention and control clinics who were identified as vaccine hesitant (score of 2 or more on the Parental Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines short form (PACV-SF)) and who completed the post-healthcare visit satisfaction survey.