Impact of Steady State Cobicistat and Darunavir/Cobicistat on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oral Anticoagulants (Rivaroxaban, Apixaban) in Health Volunteers

Impact of Steady State Cobicistat and Darunavir/Cobicistat on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oral Anticoagulants (Rivaroxaban, Apixaban) in Healthy Volunteers

Status

Completed

Phases

Phase 1

Study type

Interventional

Source

ClinicalTrials.gov

Registry ID

NCT03864406

Enrollment

Registered

2019-03-06

Start date

2019-06-04

Completion date

2022-12-10

Last updated

2023-12-01

For informational purposes only — not medical advice. Sourced from public registries and may not reflect the latest updates. Terms

Conditions

Healthy Volunteers

Keywords

Antiretroviral Therapy, Human Immunodeficiency Disease, Drug-Drug Interactions, Thrombosis, Bleeding

Brief summary

Background: Rivaroxaban and apixaban are blood thinners. People with HIV may need to take them to treat or prevent blood clots. The anti-HIV drug darunavir (DRV) can increase the amount of these blood thinners in the body. This can cause bleeding or other health problems. The drug cobicistat (COBI) is used to help anti-HIV drugs work better. Researchers want to give healthy people DRV combined with COBI to learn how it affects rivaroxaban or apixaban blood levels. Objective: To test blood levels of rivaroxaban or apixaban when taken with COBI and DRV/COBI. Eligibility: Healthy volunteers ages 18-65 Design: Participants will be screened with: Medical history Physical exam Fasting blood and urine tests. (Urine tests will be performed in females of child-bearing potential only) Participants will have 8 visits; 3 are long (about 10-12 hours) and 5 are about 1 hour. They include: Baseline and final visits: Fasting blood and urine tests Day 1 visit (long day): Fasting blood and urine tests Catheter placement: A needle will insert a small tube into the participant's arm vein. Blood will be drawn up to 10 times. Dose of rivaroxaban or apixaban Day 2 visit (short day): Fasting blood tests Dose of COBI Participants will receive a bottle containing COBI tablets to take at home. Day 7 (long day): Fasting blood and urine tests Catheter placement: A needle will insert a small tube into the participant's arm vein. Blood will be drawn up to 10 times. Dose of rivaroxaban or apixaban Dose of COBI Day 8 (short day): Fasting blood tests Dose of DRV/COBI Participants will receive a bottle containing DRV/COBI tablets to take at home. Day 13 (long day): Fasting blood and urine tests Catheter placement: A needle will insert a small tube into the participant s arm vein. Blood will be drawn up to 10 times. Dose of rivaroxaban or apixaban Dose of DRV/COBI Day 14 (short day): Fasting blood tests Participants will take COBI tablets daily at home on days 3-6, and DRV/COBI on days 9 -12 during the study. They will record doses and side effects. During the study, participants cannot: Take most medications. Drink alcohol, smoke, or vape Engage in activities such as contact and extreme sports

Detailed description

Rivaroxaban is a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) used for the prevention and treatment of various thromboembolic disorders. Predictable pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties, coupled with a few drug drug and food-drug interactions, distinguishes DOACs from a traditionally used anticoagulant, warfarin, allowing fixed dosing without routine coagulation monitoring. Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are living as long as their HIV negative counterparts due to safe and efficacious antiretroviral therapy (ART). Persons with HIV are at higher risk for thromboembolic events and DOACs are a feasible option for anticoagulation in this population. However, there is a lack of drug interaction and safety data currently on the co-administration cobicistat (COBI)-boosted antiretroviral (ARV) regimens with rivaroxaban. Rivaroxaban is metabolized by cytochrome P450 isozyme (CYP) 3A4 and its absorption is modulated by permeability glycoprotein (P-gp), both of which are inhibited by the PK booster COBI. It is therefore possible that plasma concentrations of rivaroxaban may be significantly increased when co-administered together with COBI. This is of clinical concern as increased anticoagulant exposure may result in bleeding without the security of routine clinical monitoring. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of steady state concentrations of COBI and darunavir (DRV)/COBI on the PK and PD of single oral doses of rivaroxaban.

Interventions

DRUGCobicistat

Each tablet of Tybost contains 150 mg of cobicistat.

DRUGDarunavir/Cobicistat

Each tablet of Prezcobix contains 800 mg of darunavir and 150 mg of cobicistat.

DRUGRivaroxaban

Each tablet of Xarelto contains 10 mg of rivaroxaban.

Study design

Allocation

Intervention model

SINGLE_GROUP

Primary purpose

OTHER

Masking

NONE

Eligibility

Sex/Gender

ALL

Age

18 Years to 65 Years

Healthy volunteers

Inclusion criteria

* INCLUSION CRITERIA: A subject will be considered eligible for this study only if all of the following criteria are met: * Adults between the ages of 18 to 65 years. * Body mass index between 18 to 30 kg/M(2). * Judged to be healthy based on medical history, physical examination, vital signs and clinical laboratory tests (liver function tests (LFTs: alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total bilirubin less than or equal to upper limit of normal (ULN) (with the exception of participants with Gilbert's syndrome), albumin within normal limits (WNL)\], eGFR \> 90 mL/min/1.73 m(2), PLT\>150,000/microL, hemoglobin (Hgb) greater than or equal to 12 g/dL, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) less than or equal to ULN, partial thromboplastin time (PTT) less than or equal to ULN, international normalized ratio (INR) less than or equal to ULN. * Subject agrees to storage of specimens for future research. * Negative serum or urine pregnancy test for females of child-bearing potential. * For female subjects, willing to avoid pregnancy by (a) practicing abstinence or (b) using effective non-hormonal and/or barrier methods of birth control, as well as avoid breast feeding or providing breast milk to infant during the study period. (baseline visit up to end of study day 20 plus minus 3) * Willing to avoid engaging in activities such as contact sports, including extreme sports, that may increase the risk of bleeding through body injury or bruising, during the study period (baseline visit up to end of study day 20 plus minus 3) * Willingness to forgo drinking alcohol during the study period (baseline visit up to end of study day 20 plus minus 3) * Able to provide consent.

Exclusion criteria

A subject will be ineligible for this study if one, or more, of the following criteria are met: * HIV infection, as determined by standard serologic or virologic assays for HIV infection. * Laboratory evidence of active or chronic hepatitis A, B or C infection. * History or presence of any of the following: * any major medical conditions that requires daily frequent medication or potentially impairs medication absorption, metabolism and elimination * any other condition that may interfere with the interpretation of the study results, or not be in the best interest of the subject in the opinion of the Investigator. * Current participation in an ongoing investigational drug protocol or use of any investigational drug within 30 days (based on last dose received) prior to receipt of any study drugs/medications. * History or presence of the following: * bleeding/hematologic disorders (e.g., anemia, hemophilia, etc.), * serious/major bleeding event (intracranial, gastrointestinal (GI), as assessed by subject interview), or * current increased risk of bleeding * for female subjects, menorrhagia * Planned invasive or surgical procedure within (prior to or following) 28 days of study participation. * Therapy with any prescription, over-the-counter, herbal, or holistic medications, including hormonal contraceptives by any route, within 5 half-lives of the agent prior to receipt of any study medications will not be permitted with the following exception: Intermittent or short-course therapy (\<14 days) with prescription, vaccines or over-the-counter medications will be reviewed by investigators on a case-by-case basis for potential drug interactions. * Inability to obtain venous access for sample collection. * Inability to swallow whole capsules and/or tablets. * Pregnant female. * Breastfeeding female. * The presence of persistent diarrhea or malabsorption that could interfere with the subject's ability to absorb drugs. * Illicit drug or alcohol use * Use of nicotine-containing tobacco products, including cigarettes, vaping and chewing tobacco. * Known hypersensitivity to rivaroxaban, apixaban, COBI or DRV. * History of documented hypersensitivity to sulfa allergy. * Organ transplant recipient.

Design outcomes

Primary

Measure	Time frame	Description
Area Under the Concentration Versus Time Curve (AUC0-∞) for Rivaroxaban	Total drug exposure at time point zero to infinity on days 1, 7, & 13	Area under the concentration versus time curve from 0 to infinity (AUC0-∞) following a single dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg orally on days 1, 7, and 13 to measure the total drug exposure was analyzed by the linear up/log down trapezoidal rule using noncompartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin® (version 8.0; Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, CA).
Area Under the Concentration Versus Time Curve (AUC0-24hr) for Rivaroxaban	0 to 24 hours postdose on days 1, 7, and 13	Area under the concentration versus time curve from (AUC0-24hr) following a single dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg orally on days 1, 7, and 13 to measure total drug exposure was analyzed by the linear up/log down trapezoidal rule using noncompartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin® (version 8.0; Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, CA).
Maximum Total Plasma Concentration (Cmax) for Rivaroxaban	Up to 24 hours postdose on days 1, 7, and 13	Maximum total plasma concentration (Cmax) following a single dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg orally on days 1, 7, and 13 was analyzed using noncompartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin® (version 8.0; Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, CA). Cmax for rivaroxaban was obtained directly by visual inspection of the plasma concentration versus time over 24 hours postdose.
Time to Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) for Rivaroxaban	Up to 24 hours postdose on days 1, 7, and 13	Time to maximum plasma concentration for Rivaroxaban following a single dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg orally on days 1, 7, and 13 was analyzed using noncompartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin® (version 8.0; Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, CA). Tmax for rivaroxaban was obtained directly by visual inspection of the plasma concentration versus time over 24 hours postdose.
Terminal Elimination Half-life (t½) for Rivaroxaban	Up to 24 hours postdose on days 1, 7, and 13	Terminal elimination half-life (t½) for Rivaroxaban following a single dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg orally on days 1, 7, and 13 was analyzed using noncompartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin® (version 8.0; Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, CA). The apparent elimination rate constant (λZ) was determined by calculating the absolute value of the slope of the log-linear regression of at least 3 points of the plasma concentration-time plot. The t½ was calculated as 0.693/apparent elimination rate constant (λZ).
Apparent Oral Clearance (CL/F) for Rivaroxaban	Up to 24 hours postdose on days 1, 7, and 13	Apparent oral clearance (CL/F) for Rivaroxaban following a single dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg orally on days 1, 7, and 13 was analyzed using noncompartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin® (version 8.0; Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, CA). CL/F was calculated as 10 mg ÷ AUC0-tau for rivaroxaban.
Apparent Volume of Distribution (V/F) for Rivaroxaban	Up to 24 hours postdose on days 1, 7, and 13	Apparent volume of distribution (V/F) for Rivaroxaban following a single dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg orally on days 1, 7, and 13 was analyzed using noncompartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin® (version 8.0; Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, CA).
Minimum Total Plasma Concentration (Cmin) for Rivaroxaban	Up to 24 hours postdose on days 1, 7, and 13	Minimum total plasma concentration (Cmin) for Rivaroxaban following a single dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg orally on days 1, 7, and 13 was analyzed using noncompartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin® (version 8.0; Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, CA). Cmin for rivaroxaban was obtained directly by visual inspection of the plasma concentration versus times over 24 hours postdose.

Countries

United States

Participant flow

Participants by arm

Arm	Count
Pharmacokinetic Study in Healthy Volunteers Healthy participants received a single dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg orally on day 1 (phase 1) followed by cobicistat 150 mg once daily from days 2 - 7 and a single dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg on day 7 (phase 2). Participants received darunavir /cobicistat 800/150 mg once daily from days 8 - 13 followed by a single dose of rivaroxaban 10mg on day 13 (phase 3). Serial blood sampling was done on days 1, 7, and 13.	12
Total	12

Arm

Count

Pharmacokinetic Study in Healthy Volunteers

Healthy participants received a single dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg orally on day 1 (phase 1) followed by cobicistat 150 mg once daily from days 2 - 7 and a single dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg on day 7 (phase 2). Participants received darunavir /cobicistat 800/150 mg once daily from days 8 - 13 followed by a single dose of rivaroxaban 10mg on day 13 (phase 3). Serial blood sampling was done on days 1, 7, and 13.

Total

Baseline characteristics

Characteristic	Pharmacokinetic Study in Healthy Volunteers
Age, Categorical <=18 years	0 Participants
Age, Categorical >=65 years	0 Participants
Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years	12 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino	4 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino	8 Participants
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Asian	2 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American	2 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race	1 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported	1 Participants
Race (NIH/OMB) White	6 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Female	1 Participants
Sex: Female, Male Male	11 Participants

Adverse events

Event type	EG000 affected / at risk
deaths Total, all-cause mortality	0 / 12
other Total, other adverse events	8 / 12
serious Total, serious adverse events	0 / 12

Outcome results

Primary

Apparent Oral Clearance (CL/F) for Rivaroxaban

Apparent oral clearance (CL/F) for Rivaroxaban following a single dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg orally on days 1, 7, and 13 was analyzed using noncompartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin® (version 8.0; Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, CA). CL/F was calculated as 10 mg ÷ AUC0-tau for rivaroxaban.

Time frame: Up to 24 hours postdose on days 1, 7, and 13