Smoker
Conditions
Brief summary
This trial uses an online survey to study smoking attitudes and behaviors among current smokers. An online survey consisting of questions about general demographics, smoking history, smoking attitudes, smoking behaviors, smoking intentions, health and qualities of daily life may help researchers understand the differences in smoking attitudes and behaviors among current smokers.
Detailed description
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: I. To examine if self-affirmation attenuates the effects of cigarette smoking stigmatization on smoking risk perceptions, pro-smoking beliefs, and intentions to change smoking behavior. OUTLINE: Participants are recruited and pre-screened via an online crowdsourcing program called Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Participants then respond to a one-time research survey over 20 minutes on SurveyGizmo, an on-line survey software platform.
Interventions
OTHERSurvey Administration
Respond to SurveyGizmo survey online
Sponsors
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* United States (US) adult smokers.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Quit Intentions | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes | Single item assessed intentions to quit smoking, 'Are you considering quitting smoking during the next 6 months?' from the 2014-2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (1=yes, plan to stop within the next 30 days; 2=yes, plan to stop within the next 6 months, but not within 30 days; 3=no, not thinking of quitting in the next 6 months; U.S. Census Bureau, 2016). Response options were reverse scored so that higher scores indicated greater intentions to quit. |
| Intentions to Switch Completely to E-cigarettes | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes | How likely are you to switch completely from using regular cigarettes to electronic cigarettes in the next 6 months?' 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely) |
| Intentions to Seek Cessation Counseling | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes | How likely is it that in the next 6 months you will seek counseling/support to help you quit smoking? Response options were 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely). |
| Intentions to Reduce Smoking | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes | How likely is it that in the next 6 months that you will reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke in a day? Response options were 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely). |
| Self-exempting Beliefs | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes. | Deterministic beliefs regarding smoking behaviors were evaluated using the 18-item self-exempting beliefs scale (Oakes et al., 2004).Response options were 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged to create a composite measure of self-exempting beliefs with excellent interitem reliability, α = .91. |
| Positive Cognitions About Smoking | At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes. | Five items assessed positive cognitions about smoking (Fotuhi et al., 2013). Response options were 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged to create a composite measure of self-exempting beliefs with excellent interitem reliability, α = .91. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
Respondents were directed to complete a 15-20 min online survey on smoking attitudes and behaviors. Participants provided electronic informed consent and then answered two questions to confirm their current smoking status. Current established smokers (smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime and now smoke every day or some days) were eligible. Eligible participants completed survey items assessing smoking characteristics and smoking self-concept.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life. | 306 |
| Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control Participants viewed a 30-s smoking stigma anti-smoking paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else. | 269 |
| Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Those in the self-affirmation condition wrote a short paragraph about their most important value (rank 1), describing why it was personally important and how they applied it in daily life. | 244 |
| Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control Participants viewed a 30-s smoking non-stigma control paid PSA video. Participants ranked 11 values from most to least important. Participants in the no-affirmation control condition wrote a short paragraph about their lowest-ranked value (rank 11), describing why it might be important to someone else. | 281 |
| Total | 1,100 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Total | Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 37.74 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.887 | 38.66 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.054 | 39.70 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.054 | 38.54 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.021 | 38.61 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.201 |
| Education College graduate | 91 Participants | 357 Participants | 80 Participants | 82 Participants | 104 Participants |
| Education High school graduate or less | 46 Participants | 185 Participants | 49 Participants | 37 Participants | 53 Participants |
| Education Postgraduate | 25 Participants | 80 Participants | 16 Participants | 13 Participants | 26 Participants |
| Education Some college | 106 Participants | 477 Participants | 136 Participants | 112 Participants | 123 Participants |
| Education Unknown | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 23 Participants | 82 Participants | 23 Participants | 14 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 246 Participants | 1014 Participants | 257 Participants | 227 Participants | 284 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 4 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Nicotine Dependence | 4.46 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.44 | 4.48 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.46 | 4.77 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.49 | 4.53 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.43 | 4.19 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.45 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 2 Participants | 6 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 3 Participants | 18 Participants | 3 Participants | 5 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 14 Participants | 79 Participants | 24 Participants | 27 Participants | 14 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 14 Participants | 43 Participants | 11 Participants | 11 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 4 Participants | 16 Participants | 5 Participants | 2 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 232 Participants | 937 Participants | 236 Participants | 198 Participants | 271 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 269 participants | 1100 participants | 281 participants | 244 participants | 306 participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Female | 168 Participants | 660 Participants | 162 Participants | 147 Participants | 183 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Male | 101 Participants | 436 Participants | 118 Participants | 96 Participants | 121 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Other | 0 Participants | 4 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Smoking Self-Concept | 3.12 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.89 | 3.04 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.87 | 3.08 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.83 | 3.03 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.9 | 2.94 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.85 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
Outcome results
Primary
Intentions to Reduce Smoking
How likely is it that in the next 6 months that you will reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke in a day? Response options were 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely).
Time frame: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes
Population: Listwise deletion: 21 participants did not respond to the survey item on intentions to reduce smoking. Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Intentions to Reduce Smoking | 3.41 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.32 |
| Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Intentions to Reduce Smoking | 3.10 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.31 |
| Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Intentions to Reduce Smoking | 3.40 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.28 |
| Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Intentions to Reduce Smoking | 3.19 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.29 |
Primary
Intentions to Seek Cessation Counseling
How likely is it that in the next 6 months you will seek counseling/support to help you quit smoking? Response options were 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely).
Time frame: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes
Population: Listwise deletion: 28 participants did not respond to the survey item on intentions to seek cessation counseling. Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Intentions to Seek Cessation Counseling | 1.65 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.03 |
| Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Intentions to Seek Cessation Counseling | 1.60 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.06 |
| Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Intentions to Seek Cessation Counseling | 1.95 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.25 |
| Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Intentions to Seek Cessation Counseling | 1.80 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.17 |
Primary
Intentions to Switch Completely to E-cigarettes
How likely are you to switch completely from using regular cigarettes to electronic cigarettes in the next 6 months?' 1 (not at all likely) to 5 (extremely likely)
Time frame: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes
Population: Listwise Deletion: 20 participants did not respond to the intentions to switch to e-cigarettes survey item. Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Intentions to Switch Completely to E-cigarettes | 2.29 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.37 |
| Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Intentions to Switch Completely to E-cigarettes | 2.28 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.44 |
| Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Intentions to Switch Completely to E-cigarettes | 2.17 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.36 |
| Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Intentions to Switch Completely to E-cigarettes | 2.32 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.4 |
Primary
Positive Cognitions About Smoking
Five items assessed positive cognitions about smoking (Fotuhi et al., 2013). Response options were 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged to create a composite measure of self-exempting beliefs with excellent interitem reliability, α = .91.
Time frame: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes.
Population: Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Positive Cognitions About Smoking | 3.15 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Positive Cognitions About Smoking | 3.28 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.74 |
| Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Positive Cognitions About Smoking | 3.25 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Positive Cognitions About Smoking | 3.31 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
Primary
Quit Intentions
Single item assessed intentions to quit smoking, 'Are you considering quitting smoking during the next 6 months?' from the 2014-2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (1=yes, plan to stop within the next 30 days; 2=yes, plan to stop within the next 6 months, but not within 30 days; 3=no, not thinking of quitting in the next 6 months; U.S. Census Bureau, 2016). Response options were reverse scored so that higher scores indicated greater intentions to quit.
Time frame: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes
Population: Listwise deletion: 1 participant did not respond to the survey item on quit intentions. Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Quit Intentions | 1.90 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.74 |
| Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Quit Intentions | 1.72 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Quit Intentions | 1.89 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Quit Intentions | 1.79 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
Primary
Self-exempting Beliefs
Deterministic beliefs regarding smoking behaviors were evaluated using the 18-item self-exempting beliefs scale (Oakes et al., 2004).Response options were 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Items were averaged to create a composite measure of self-exempting beliefs with excellent interitem reliability, α = .91.
Time frame: At the time of survey response within approximately 20 minutes.
Population: Required summary level data only. Interpretation of these unadjusted results is not recommended. Please refer to manuscript for adjusted linear regression results.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking Stigma, Self-Affirmation | Self-exempting Beliefs | 2.25 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| Smoking Stigma, No-Affirmation Control | Self-exempting Beliefs | 2.35 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
| Non-Stigma Control, Self-Affirmation | Self-exempting Beliefs | 2.30 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
| Non-Stigma Control, No-Affirmation Control | Self-exempting Beliefs | 2.33 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |