Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Conditions
Keywords
bionic pancreas, closed loop, glucagon, insulin
Brief summary
Our objective is to evaluate the function of the bihormonal configuration of the ILet bionic pancreas delivering dasiglucagon when compared to the insulin-only configuration of the ILet bionic pancreas in a home-use study in adults with type 1 diabetes.
Detailed description
Our objective is to conduct a home-use study testing the Gen 3.2 iLet bionic pancreas system in the insulin-only configuration and the bihormonal configuration with dasiglucagion in 10 adult subjects (≥ 18 years old) with type 1 diabetes in a random-order crossover study under real-world conditions. The study will assess the safety and reliability of both iLet configurations. Our primary objective is to assess whether the iLet operates as designed comparing the insulin-only configuration of the Gen 3.2 iLet bionic pancreas system with the bihormonal configuration of the device using dasiglucagon at a concentration of 4 mg/ml. Our secondary objective is to assess the impact of both configurations of the Gen 3.2 iLet bionic pancreas system on glycemic control, quality of life, and treatment satisfaction among study participants, their caregivers, partners, and/or family members. The study follows a 2-treatment, 2-period crossover design, 2 and will consist of two 7-day study arms in random order: one bihormonal bionic pancreas arm using insulin lispro or insulin aspart and dasiglucagon, and one insulin-only bionic pancreas arm using insulin lispro or insulin aspart.
Interventions
DEVICEBihormonal iLet Bionic Pancreas
Bihormonal iLet Bionic Pancreas using insulin and dasiglucagon
DEVICEInsulin-only Bionic Pancreas
Insulin-only iLet Bionic Pancreas using just insulin
DRUGDasiglucagon
Experimental stable glucagon for use in the iLet Bionic Pancreas
Sponsors
Beta Bionics, Inc.
Zealand Pharma
Massachusetts General Hospital
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
The study follows a 2-treatment, 2-period crossover design, 2 and will consist of two 7-day study arms in random order: one bihormonal bionic pancreas arm using insulin lispro or insulin aspart and dasiglucagon, and one insulin-only bionic pancreas arm using insulin lispro or insulin aspart.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Age ≥ 18 years and have had clinical type 1 diabetes for at least one year 2. Diabetes managed using an insulin pump for ≥ 3 months 3. Prescription medication regimen stable for \> 1 month (except for medications that will not affect the safety of the participant and are not expected to affect any outcome of the study, in the judgement of the principal investigator) 4. Willing to wear one Dexcom CGM sensor, and up to two steel cannula infusion sets (6 mm Contact Detach) and change infusion sets frequently (if the subject is known not to tolerate steel infusion sets then a plastic set may be used) 5. Have used a CGM for at least one cumulative month over the last 24 months 6. Willing to stay within a 250-mile radius of the designated base throughout the study. Air travel is not permitted. 7. Informed consent obtained before any trial-related activities 8. Have a designated contact (an adult ≥ 18 years of age) willing to serve as an emergency contact for them throughout the study.
Exclusion criteria
1. Unable to provide informed consent (e.g. impaired cognition or judgment) 2. Unable to safely comply with study procedures and reporting requirements (e.g. impairment of vision or dexterity that prevents safe operation of the iLet, impaired memory, unable to speak and read English) 3. Current participation in another clinical trial with administration of investigational drug. 4. Current participation in another diabetes-related clinical trial that, in the judgment of the principal investigator, will compromise the results of this study or the safety of the participant 5. Previous exposure to dasiglucagon (otherwise known as ZP4207) 6. Pregnant (positive urine HCG), breast feeding, plan to become pregnant in the next 12 months, or sexually active without use of contraception 1. Subjects must use acceptable contraception for the two weeks prior to the study, throughout the study and for the two weeks following the study. 2. Acceptable contraception methods include:Oral contraceptive pills (OCP), Intrauterine Device (IUD, hormonal or copper), Male condoms, Female condoms, Diaphragm or cervical cap with spermicide, Contraceptive patch (such as OrthoEvra), Contraceptive implant (such as Implanon, Nexplanon), Vaginal ring (such as Nuvaring), Progestin shot (such as Depo-Provera), Male partner with a vasectomy proven to be effective by semen analysis 7. Current alcohol abuse (intake averaging \>4 drinks daily in last 30 days) or other substance abuse (use within the last 3 months of controlled substances other than marijuana without a prescription) 8. Unwilling or unable or to avoid use of drugs that may dull the sensorium, reduce sensitivity to symptoms of hypoglycemia, or hinder decision making during the period of participation in the study (use of benzodiazepines or narcotics, even if by prescription, may be excluded according to the judgment of the principal investigator) 9. Renal failure on dialysis 10. History of cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis, or other pancreatic disease, including pancreatic tumor or insulinoma, or history of complete pancreatectomy 11. Coronary artery disease that is not stable with medical management, including unstable angina, angina that prevents moderate exercise (e.g. exercise of intensity up to 6 METS) despite medical management, or within the last 12 months before screening a history of myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, enzymatic lysis of a presumed coronary occlusion, or coronary artery bypass grafting 12. Abnormal EKG consistent with increased risk of malignant arrhythmia including, but not limited to, evidence of active ischemia, proximal LAD critical stenosis (Wellen's sign), or prolonged QT interval (\> 440 ms). Other EKG findings, including stable Q waves, are not grounds for exclusion as long as the participant is not excluded according to other criteria. A reassuring evaluation by a cardiologist after an abnormal EKG finding may allow participation. 13. Congestive heart failure with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification III or IV 14. History of TIA or stroke in the last 12 months 15. History of liver disease that is expected to interfere with the anti-hypoglycemic action of glucagon (e.g. liver failure or cirrhosis). Other liver disease (e.g. active hepatitis, steatosis, active biliary disease, any tumor of the liver, hemochromatosis, glycogen storage disease) may exclude the subject if it causes significant compromise to liver function or may do so in an unpredictable fashion. 16. Personal history of pheochromocytoma, MEN 2A, MEN 2B, neurofibromatosis, or von Hippel-Lindau disease a.Fractionated metanephrines will be tested to rule out pheochromocytoma in patients with symptoms that could be related to a catecholamine secreting tumor, including those with: Episodic or treatment refractory (requiring 4 or more medications to achieve normotension) hypertension, Paroxyms of tachycardia, pallor or headache 17. History of adrenal disease or tumor that has not undergone characterization for endocrine function 18. Hypertension with systolic blood pressure ≥160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥100 mm Hg despite treatment 19. Recent history of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or severe hypoglycemia in the last 6 months. Severe hypoglycemia is defined as an event that required assistance of another person due to altered consciousness, and required another person to actively administer carbohydrate, glucagon, or other resuscitative actions. This means that the participant was impaired cognitively to the point that he/she was unable to treat himself/herself, was unable to verbalize his/ her needs, was incoherent, disoriented, and/or combative, or experienced seizure or coma. 20. History of more than 1 episode of DKA requiring hospitalization in the last 2 years 21. History of more than 1 episode of severe hypoglycemia in the last year. 22. Untreated or inadequately treated mental illness (indicators would include symptoms such as psychosis, hallucinations, mania, and any psychiatric hospitalization in the last year), or treatment with anti-psychotic medications that are known to affect glucose regulation. 23. Electrically powered implants (e.g. cochlear implants, neurostimulators) that might be susceptible to RF interference 24. Unable or unwilling to completely avoid acetaminophen for duration of study 25. Established history of allergy or severe reaction to adhesive or tape that must be used in the study 26. History of adverse reaction to glucagon (including allergy) besides nausea or vomiting 27. History of severe hypersensitivity to milk proteins or lactose 28. History of eating disorder within the last 2 years, such as anorexia, bulimia, or diabulemia or omission of insulin to manipulate weight 29. Current or planned use of SGLT2 inhibitors (prior use more than 3 months prior to enrollment is acceptable; SGLT2 inhibitors should not be initiated during the trial) 30. If using GLP1, pramlintide, or metformin must be on a stable dose for 3 months prior to enrollment (these agents should not be initiated during the trial) 31. Required use of 2 or more steroid bursts in the 6 months prior to the trial 32. History of intentional, inappropriate administration of insulin leading to severe hypoglycemia requiring treatment 33. Any factors that, in the opinion of the site principal investigator or clinical protocol chair, would interfere with the safe completion of the study, including medical conditions that may require hospitalization during the trial
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percentage of Time That Valid CGM Glucose Readings Are Captured by the iLet Bionic Pancreas | Days 1-7 | Goal for the percentage of time that valid CGM glucose readings are captured by the iLet is ≥80%. |
| Percentage of Time That Each Drug Channel of the iLet Bionic Pancreas is Available | Days 1-7 | Goal for the percentage of the time that each drug channel (insulin, and if applicable, glucagon) is available is ≥95%. |
| The Ratio of Cumulative Drug Doses Delivered to Cumulative Drug Doses Attempted for Insulin and Dasiglucagon | Days 1-7 | Goal for the ratio of cumulative drug doses delivered to cumulative drug doses attempted is between 0.95 and 1.05, inclusive, for insulin and, if applicable, for glucagon. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Proportion of Time With CGM Glucose < 54 mg/dl | Days 2-7 | — |
| Mean Grams of Carbohydrate Per Day to Treat or Prevent Hypoglycemic Events (Reported Daily by Subjects) | Days 1-7 | — |
| Mean Continuous Glucose Monitor Glucose Concentration | Days 2-7 | Mean continuous glucose monitor glucose concentration measured days 2-7 |
| Proportion of Time Across Days 2-7 Within the CGM Glucose Range of 70-180 mg/dl | Days 2-7 | — |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
2 were ineligible due to lacking a designated contact or were taking arrhythmogenic medications
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| All Study Participants Each sequence of the study will use the iLet Bionic Pancreas. The iLet is an autonomous infusion pump controlled by the bionic pancreas control algorithm that calculates and doses insulin and/or dasiglucagon based on glucose values received by the Dexcom G5 Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM).
Participants were randomized to either first use the bihormonal iLet bionic pancreas for 1 week followed by the insulin-only iLet bionic pancreas for 1 week or to first use the insulin-only iLet bionic pancreas for 1 week followed by the bihormonal iLet for 1 week. | 10 |
| Total | 10 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | All Study Participants |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 1 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 9 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 46 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 18 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 10 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 9 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 10 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 5 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 5 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 4 / 10 | 3 / 10 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 |
Outcome results
Primary
Percentage of Time That Each Drug Channel of the iLet Bionic Pancreas is Available
Goal for the percentage of the time that each drug channel (insulin, and if applicable, glucagon) is available is ≥95%.
Time frame: Days 1-7
Population: Percent of time that insulin channel available measured in both groups. Percent of time that glucagon channel available measured only in bihormonal group.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bihormonal iLet Bionic Pancreas | Percentage of Time That Each Drug Channel of the iLet Bionic Pancreas is Available | % of time that insulin channel available | 99.1 percentage of time | Standard Deviation 1.3 |
| Bihormonal iLet Bionic Pancreas | Percentage of Time That Each Drug Channel of the iLet Bionic Pancreas is Available | % of time that glucagon channel available | 99.7 percentage of time | Standard Deviation 0.37 |
| Insulin-Only iLet Bionic Pancreas | Percentage of Time That Each Drug Channel of the iLet Bionic Pancreas is Available | % of time that insulin channel available | 99.7 percentage of time | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
Primary
Percentage of Time That Valid CGM Glucose Readings Are Captured by the iLet Bionic Pancreas
Goal for the percentage of time that valid CGM glucose readings are captured by the iLet is ≥80%.
Time frame: Days 1-7
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bihormonal iLet Bionic Pancreas | Percentage of Time That Valid CGM Glucose Readings Are Captured by the iLet Bionic Pancreas | 89.2 percentage of time | Standard Deviation 6.4 |
| Insulin-Only iLet Bionic Pancreas | Percentage of Time That Valid CGM Glucose Readings Are Captured by the iLet Bionic Pancreas | 91.0 percentage of time | Standard Deviation 6.4 |
Primary
The Ratio of Cumulative Drug Doses Delivered to Cumulative Drug Doses Attempted for Insulin and Dasiglucagon
Goal for the ratio of cumulative drug doses delivered to cumulative drug doses attempted is between 0.95 and 1.05, inclusive, for insulin and, if applicable, for glucagon.
Time frame: Days 1-7
Population: Ratio of cumulative insulin doses delivered to cumulative insulin doses attempted was measured in both groups. Ratio of cumulative glucagon doses delivered to cumulative glucagon doses attempted only measured in bihormonal arm.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bihormonal iLet Bionic Pancreas | The Ratio of Cumulative Drug Doses Delivered to Cumulative Drug Doses Attempted for Insulin and Dasiglucagon | Ratio for insulin | 0.999 ratio of dose delivered:dose attempted | Standard Deviation 0.006 |
| Bihormonal iLet Bionic Pancreas | The Ratio of Cumulative Drug Doses Delivered to Cumulative Drug Doses Attempted for Insulin and Dasiglucagon | Ratio for glucagon | 1.019 ratio of dose delivered:dose attempted | Standard Deviation 0.002 |
| Insulin-Only iLet Bionic Pancreas | The Ratio of Cumulative Drug Doses Delivered to Cumulative Drug Doses Attempted for Insulin and Dasiglucagon | Ratio for insulin | 1.002 ratio of dose delivered:dose attempted | Standard Deviation 0.004 |
Secondary
Mean Continuous Glucose Monitor Glucose Concentration
Mean continuous glucose monitor glucose concentration measured days 2-7
Time frame: Days 2-7
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bihormonal iLet Bionic Pancreas | Mean Continuous Glucose Monitor Glucose Concentration | 139 mg/dl | Standard Deviation 11 |
| Insulin-Only iLet Bionic Pancreas | Mean Continuous Glucose Monitor Glucose Concentration | 149 mg/dl | Standard Deviation 13 |
Secondary
Mean Grams of Carbohydrate Per Day to Treat or Prevent Hypoglycemic Events (Reported Daily by Subjects)
Time frame: Days 1-7
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bihormonal iLet Bionic Pancreas | Mean Grams of Carbohydrate Per Day to Treat or Prevent Hypoglycemic Events (Reported Daily by Subjects) | 18 grams of carbs per day | Standard Deviation 21 |
| Insulin-Only iLet Bionic Pancreas | Mean Grams of Carbohydrate Per Day to Treat or Prevent Hypoglycemic Events (Reported Daily by Subjects) | 16 grams of carbs per day | Standard Deviation 13 |
Secondary
Proportion of Time Across Days 2-7 Within the CGM Glucose Range of 70-180 mg/dl
Time frame: Days 2-7
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bihormonal iLet Bionic Pancreas | Proportion of Time Across Days 2-7 Within the CGM Glucose Range of 70-180 mg/dl | 79 percentage of time | Standard Deviation 9 |
| Insulin-Only iLet Bionic Pancreas | Proportion of Time Across Days 2-7 Within the CGM Glucose Range of 70-180 mg/dl | 71 percentage of time | Standard Deviation 8 |
Secondary
Proportion of Time With CGM Glucose < 54 mg/dl
Time frame: Days 2-7
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Bihormonal iLet Bionic Pancreas | Proportion of Time With CGM Glucose < 54 mg/dl | 0.2 proportion of time |
| Insulin-Only iLet Bionic Pancreas | Proportion of Time With CGM Glucose < 54 mg/dl | 0.6 proportion of time |