Blepharoptosis, Myasthenia Gravis, Ptosis, Eyelid, Stroke, Traumatic Brain Injury
Conditions
Brief summary
Blepharoptosis (incomplete opening of the eyelids) occurs because of a disruption in the normal agonist-antagonist neuro-muscular complex balance. An external device could restore eyelid movement. A newer class of permanent magnets made of alloys of neodymium (Nd), iron (Fe) and boron (B) might provide the technology needed to develop a feasible external magnetic device that could restore eyelid movement.
Detailed description
Blepharoptosis (incomplete opening of the eyelids) occurs because of a disruption in the normal agonist-antagonist neuro-muscular complex balance. An external device, if able to generate an appropriately balanced force, could restore eyelid movement by performing the paralyzed function; for example, a ptotic (droopy) eyelid could be opened, and the functioning eyelid closure muscle could overcome the device's force (Conway, 1973; Barmettler et. al, 2014; Houston et. al, 2014). Despite this seemingly straight-forward application, permanent magnets for eyelid movement disorders have not thus far become an available treatment. It is possible that earlier magnetic materials lacked the strength (at sizes which were acceptable to patients) to effectively restore the blink, or methods of implantation or external mounting were not effective. A newer class of permanent magnets made of alloys of neodymium (Nd), iron (Fe) and boron (B) might provide the technology needed to develop a feasible external magnetic device. They generate the strongest static magnetic fields yet possible, (1.3T compared to 0.4T of conventional ferrite magnets) (Cyrot, 2005) with exceptional uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy, which makes them resistive to demagnetization (Chikazumui, 1997). The increased magnetic force at a fraction of the size has led to attempts for other medical applications including implantation for gastroesophageal reflux disease (Ganz, 2013), in dental prosthetics (Uribe, 2006), ocular reconstructive surgery (de Negreiros, 2012), and glaucoma (Paschalis et. al, 2013). Problems with extended external non-surgical adhesion to the skin of the eyelid may be solved with hydrocolloid-based medical adhesives e.g. Tegaderm™ (Chen, 1997), already used for IV catheter securement, wound dressing, and as a protective eye covering (FDA, 1997). This material is extremely thin, transparent, and oxygen permeable with an established safety profile for days to weeks of wear. The hydrophyllic properties (FDA, 1997) may be beneficial to the eyelids, which are often moist. In our prior work we established proof-of-concept data demonstrating safety and efficacy for temporary management ptosis up to 2 hour per day for 2 weeks. Due to the sensitive force distance relationship characteristics of magnetic fields and variable nature of ptosis (often worsens throughout the day) the MLP required frequent readjustment and consistent correction was difficult to achieve. Other challenges included lid redness with longer wear times (in the participants who wore the MLP longer than instructed), incomplete spontaneous blinking, and difficultly with self-application of the magnetic lid array to the eye lid. This study aims to address these challenges. In order to improve the MLP we will determine the range of force in the target severe ptosis population to open the lid and where blinking is inhibited, determine the best polarity combination between the lid magnets and the spectacle magnet, determine if rotating the spectacle magnet is a good method to allow simple force adjustment via a dial on the side of the frame, determine if custom made frames improve stability of the frame, and create an applicator tool to help participants apply the lid magnet themselves.
Interventions
Neodymium magnet embedded in a glasses frame and a polymer embedded (PDMS) micro-magnet array fitted externally to the upper lid with IV 3000 securement film. The IV 3000 is FDA approved for extended wear on the skin. Tegaderm, which is essentially the same adhesive, is even FDA approved as an eye covering (we used Tegaderm in early studies but switched to IV 3000 for its superior ease of handling based on packaging technique).
Sponsors
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
Masked/blinded clinical staff will apply the lid magnets polarized either through thickness or through height (counterbalanced) to the study subjects. Also, 10 magnets of different sizes will be placed inside a plastic housing in order to prevent bias (participant and clinical staff will not know the actual size of the magnets) and counterbalance to control for order effect.
Intervention model description
This is a prospective cross-over study with some aims having double-blind methodology. Randomization and masking will be used in aims 1 and 2 experiments. Aim 1: The spectacle magnet will be rotated to 1 of 4 settings in an order which will be counterbalanced using a Latin Square approach. Patient and experimenters will be masked to the actual force setting. Aim 2: 17 participants were randomized to be fitted first with either through thickness or through height polarization of the lid magnets using an online randomizer by a study staff not involved in the data collection or analysis who will keep the code. Every other subject in the sequence will be balanced to receive the alternative order. Counterbalancing is being used because of the small sample size.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
4 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Experimental: * Presence of ptosis for at least one eye which obscures the visual axis in the resting position (without frontalis drive, lifting with forehead muscles) * Moderate cognitive function or better defined as greater than or equal to 18 out of 30 on a pre-screening of the Mini-Mental State Exam * Age 5 or older
Exclusion criteria
* Experimental: * Absence of blepharoptosis or presence of a corneal ulcer. * Those with a corneal ulcer are at risk for permanent loss of vision and should be managed with proven methods. * Age less than 5, * Severe Cognitive impairment defined as MMSE score \<18, behaviors consistent with delirium (combinations of disorientation, hallucinations, delusions, and incoherent speech), or lethargy. These individuals must be excluded since participation requires competent self-care, reliable responses and cooperation during fitting of the devices.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Interpalpebral Fissure During Eye Opening | 6 minutes, 1 minute for each rotation position. | Change in interpalpebral fissure (resting open) at 5 different force settings of the rotatable adjustable force system. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Experimental Group The purpose of the experimental group is to test the intervention. Participants will have their acuity measured (refraction as needed), slit lamp with Nafl & NEI scale, visual functioning questionnaire (VFQ), cognitive assessment (MOCA).The eye lid will be prepped and video recorded.The masked clinical staff will then apply the polarized magnets and perform a number of measurements to ascertain effectiveness of intervention.
-Intervention - Magnetic Levator Prosthesis (MLP) | 19 |
| Control/Normal Vision Group The purpose of the normal vision group is to test the experimental setup prior to enrolling ptosis patients. If the measurements of the normal vision group are found to be non-different to the experimental group, the data will be pooled.
-Intervention - Magnetic Levator Prosthesis (MLP) | 0 |
| Total | 19 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 | FG004 | FG005 | FG006 | FG007 | FG008 | FG009 | FG010 | FG011 | FG012 | FG013 | FG014 | FG015 | FG016 | FG017 | FG018 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Could not close eye due to impaired facial nerve. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Physician Decision | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Experimental Group | Total |
|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 51 years | 51 years |
| Baseline Interpalpebral Fissure | 4.7 millimeters STANDARD_DEVIATION 2 | 4.7 millimeters STANDARD_DEVIATION 2 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 2 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 16 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 9 Participants | 9 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 10 Participants | 10 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 19 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 19 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 19 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Interpalpebral Fissure During Eye Opening
Change in interpalpebral fissure (resting open) at 5 different force settings of the rotatable adjustable force system.
Time frame: 6 minutes, 1 minute for each rotation position.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group Baseline | Change in Interpalpebral Fissure During Eye Opening | 4.5 millimeters |
| Experimental Group MLP 0 Degree Orientation | Change in Interpalpebral Fissure During Eye Opening | 6.9 millimeters |
| Experimental Group MLP 30 Degree Orientation | Change in Interpalpebral Fissure During Eye Opening | 6.2 millimeters |
| Experimental Group MLP 60 Degree Orientation | Change in Interpalpebral Fissure During Eye Opening | 6.3 millimeters |
| Experimental Group MLP 90 Degree Orientation | Change in Interpalpebral Fissure During Eye Opening | 6.4 millimeters |
| Experimental Group MLP 180 Degree Orientation | Change in Interpalpebral Fissure During Eye Opening | 7.1 millimeters |
Comparison: The effect of angular position was modeled using linear mixed-effects (multiple regression) models. The five angles were randomly mapped for the dependent variable interpalpebral fissure. Because there were repeated measurements on each eye and each participant might respond differently to each angular position, participant and angular position within participant-eye were included as random effects.p-value: >=0.46Regression, Linear