Usability of Diabetes Dashboard Embedded Within a Patient Web Portal

The System Usability Scale (SUS) will be administered to all study participants at one month follow-up (T1). The SUS is a validated measure of usability. The ten items are scored on a five-point Likert scale. The item scores are summed and then converted to a score ranging from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). A score of above 68 indicative of above average usability.

Time frame: one month follow-up (T1)

Population: All 60 participants that completed the study (i.e., used the intervention and complete pre- and post-questionnaires.

At the end of the study period (T1), a subset of study participants will be invited to complete a semi-structured interview to provide a deeper understanding of their experience using the dashboard.

Time frame: one month follow-up (T1)

Population: participants that participated in a semi-structured interview

User experience will be assessed by study-specific survey items administered to all study participants at the end of the study period (T1). The survey items will inquire about participants' perspectives on particular features of the Patient-facing Diabetes Dashboard. Participants were asked to indicate which features, if any: (1) they found useful for managing their diabetes and which features, (2) improved their understanding of their diabetes health data, and (3) should be removed. In addition, participants indicated whether they intended to use the dashboard going forward if it remained available.

Time frame: one month follow-up (T1)

Unique study specific survey items to assess participants' attitudes toward receiving social and goal-based comparison information regarding their diabetes health status will be administered to all study participants at enrollment (T0) and one month follow-up (T1).

Time frame: enrollment (T0) and one month follow-up (T1)

The Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID-5) is a valid measure of diabetes distress. The PAID-5 will be administered to all study participants at enrollment (T0) and one month follow-up (T1). Total scores on the PAID-5 can range from 0 to 20, with higher scores suggesting greater diabetes-related emotional distress.

Time frame: enrollment (T0) and one month follow-up (T1)

Population: Missing data for one participant.

The Short Diabetes Knowledge Instrument (SDKI) was used to measure diabetes knowledge including diabetes diet, symptoms of hypoglycemia, foot care and importance of physical activity. The SDKI is a 13-item scale with scores ranging from 0 to 13 representing number of items answered correctly. The Short Diabetes Knowledge Instrument (SDKI) will be administered to all study patients at enrollment (T0) and one month follow-up (T1).

Time frame: enrollment (T0) and one month follow-up (T1)

Population: Missing data for one participant

Diabetes self-care will be measured using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA), an 11-item questionnaire of diabetes self-management that assess the following six aspects of the diabetes regimen: general diet (2 items), specific diet (2 items), exercise (2 items), blood-glucose testing (2 items), foot care (2 items), and smoking (1 items). Item responses use the metric days per week except for a single item about smoking status which is yes or no. Each of the five aspects (excluding smoking) is assigned a mean score based on number of days per week. The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) will be administered to all study patients at enrollment (T0) and one month follow-up (T1).

Time frame: enrollment (T0) and one month follow-up (T1)

Population: The overall number of participants analyzed for two blood-glucose testing items was 50, because 10 participants that do not test their blood sugar were excluded from those two items. Overall number of participants analyzed was 60 for the the other five aspects/sub-scales.

The Perceived Diabetes Self-Management Scale (PDSMS) is a valid measure of diabetes self-efficacy. The PDSMS will be administered to all study participants at enrollment (T0) and one month follow-up (T1). Eight items are scored on a five-point Likert scale. The total PDSMS score can range from 8 to 40, with higher scores indicating more confidence in self-managing one's diabetes.

Time frame: enrollment (T0) and one month follow-up (T1)

Population: One participant had missing data.

The Diabetes Care Profile (DCP) is a self-administered questionnaire that assesses the social and psychological factors related to diabetes and its treatment. The instrument includes sixteen scales. The Understanding Scale of the DCP contains 13 items that assesses respondents' perceived understanding of elements of diabetes self-care (e.g., diet for blood sugar control). We administered 9 of the 13 items to study participants, excluding items that referenced elements of self-management that are not covered in My Diabetes Care (e.g., pregnancy and diabetes). Respondents rate their understanding on a five-point Likert scale. The scale scores range from 1 to 5 and represents the average item score for the scale (∑ Q1-9/ Count of non-missing items). High scores indicate higher perceived understanding.

Time frame: enrollment (T0) and one month follow-up (T1)

Population: Missing data for one participant

Unique study specific items to assess participants' knowledge of measures of diabetes health status (e.g., Hemoglobin A1C) will be administered to all study participants at enrollment (T0) and one month follow-up (T1).

Time frame: enrollment (T0) and one month follow-up (T1)

Population: As noted in the outcome measure data table below, the number analyzed for some items is less than 60 due to missing data.

The Patient Activation Measure® (PAM-13) scale will be administered to all study participants at enrollment (T0) and one month follow-up (T1). The 13-item PAM® survey is a validated measure of patient activation (i.e., the knowledge, skills and confidence a person has in managing their own health and health care) and consists of 13 items. Each item uses a 4-point Likert-type scale of response options ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree to elicit endorsement of a particular statement. PAM® survey item responses result in total raw scores ranging from 13 to 52, which we converted to the linear interval scale of patient activation scores, ranging from 0 (lowest activation) to 100 (highest activation).

Time frame: enrollment (T0) and one month follow-up (T1)

This is a composite outcome measure of participants' self-reported total number of diabetes dashboard visits, total duration of dashboard use, use of embedded educational links, utilization of embedded functionality to secure message healthcare team member(s), and use of an embedded link to American Diabetes Association Online Community and will be queried at the end of the study period (T1).

Time frame: one month follow-up (T1)