Aggression, Stress, Psychological
Conditions
Brief summary
Law enforcement officers (LEOs) are exposed to significant stressors, elevating their risk for aggression and excessive use of force, as well as mental health consequences, including post-traumatic stress disorder, burnout, alcohol misuse, depression, and suicide. The proposed study will identify, optimize and refine best clinical and research practices across two sites to ensure success in a future multisite efficacy trial assessing preventative effects of Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training on physiological, behavioral, and psychological outcomes.
Detailed description
Law enforcement officers (LEOs) are exposed to significant stressors, elevating their risk for aggression and excessive use of force. Such dysfunctional stress reactivity can lead to devastating consequences for their community, including unjustified shootings, severe beatings, and fatal chokings. It can also lead to serious consequences for the LEOs, including elevated incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder, burnout, alcohol misuse, depression, and suicide. A recent meta-analysis of LEO stress reduction programs found little evidence to demonstrate that such approaches are effective, highlighting the urgent need for preventive interventions targeting the stress inherent to policing. Mindfulness training is a promising approach with high-stress populations that has been shown effective in reducing stress and increasing resilience. In a recent pilot feasibility study (R21AT008854), the study team established initial feasibility, acceptability, and adherence to procedures in a single-site RCT assessing Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT), a preventive intervention designed to improve LEO mental health and resilience, and reduce aggression and excessive use of force. The R21 data suggest physiological mechanisms and potential clinical benefit in a sample of LEOs. Relative to waitlist control, MBRT participants showed improvements in stress reactivity, aggression, burnout, occupational stress, sleep disturbance, and psychological flexibility. Implemented at two sites, the proposed study is designed to establish optimal protocols and procedures for a future full-scale, multi-site trial assessing effects of MBRT versus an attention control (Stress Management Education) and a no-intervention control, on physiological, behavioral, and psychological outcomes. To prepare for this future clinical trial, this study will: a) enhance efficiency of recruitment, engagement and retention; b) optimize lab, assessment, and data management procedures; c) optimize intervention training and ensure fidelity to intervention protocols; and d) assess participant experience and optimize outcome measures across sites. The long-term objective of this line of research is to develop an intervention that will reduce violence and increase resilience among LEOs, as well as yield significant benefits for communities and residents they serve.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALMindfulness-Based Resilience Training
MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, CBT, and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.
BEHAVIORALStress Management Education
SME was designed as an active control condition for other Mindfulness-Based Intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.
Sponsors
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)
Pacific University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Intervention model description
Individually-Randomized Group Treatment
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
21 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* be 21-65 years old (age limitations for both police departments), * demonstrate English fluency, * be a sworn, full-time, active status law enforcement officer, * agree to random assignment to condition, and * be willing to complete assessments at multiple time points and attend intervention groups
Exclusion criteria
* previous participation in MBSR, MBRT or a similar mindfulness course, * score in the severe range on brief screening measures of depression, suicidal ideation, alcohol use, or PTSD, or * unable or unwilling to give written informed consent.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Aggression | baseline, post-intervention (week 8), 3-month followup, 6-month followup | Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire-Short Form. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater aggression. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Interleukin-6 | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup | Blood spot analysis of interleukin-6. |
| Change in Interleukin-10 | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup | Blood spot analysis of interleukin-10. |
| Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup | Blood spot analysis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. |
| Change in Psychological Resilience | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup | Brief Resilience Scale. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater resilience. |
| Change in Alcohol Use | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Alcohol Use. Scores range from 39-77, with higher scores indicating greater alcohol use. |
| Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Alcohol Use Negative Consequences.Scores range from 39-77, with higher scores indicating greater alcohol use negative consequences. |
| Change in Depression | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Depression. Scores range from 38-80, with higher scores indicating more depression. |
| Change in Suicidal Thinking | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup | Concise Heath Risk Tracking Scale-Self-Report. Scores range from 7-35, with higher scores indicating greater suicidal ideation. |
| Change in Trauma Symptoms | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup | PTSD Checklist for DSM-5. Scores ranges from 0-80, with higher scores indicating greater PTSD symptoms. |
| Change in Burnout | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup | Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Scores range from 1-4, with higher scores indicating greater burnout. |
| Change in C-reactive Protein | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup | Blood spot analysis of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. |
| Change in Perceived Stress | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup | Perceived Stress Scale-10. Scores range from 0-40, with higher scores indicating greater perceived stress. |
| Change in Sleep Disturbance | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup | Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance. Scores range from 32-76, with higher scores indicating greater sleep disturbance. |
| Change in Self-Compassion | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup | Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater self-compassion. |
| Change in Mindfulness | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup | Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater mindfulness. |
| Change in Interoceptive Awareness | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup | Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness-II. Scores range from 1-6, with higher scores indicating greater interoceptive awareness. |
| Treatment Acceptability | post-intervention (8 weeks) | Postcourse satisfaction survey. Scores range from 4-16, with higher scores indicating greater treatment acceptability. Measure only administered to Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training and Stress Management Education arms. |
| Treatment Compliance | post-intervention (8 weeks) | Objective assessment of duration of homework practice. Measure only administered to Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training and Stress Management Education arms. |
| Treatment Expectancy and Credibility | baseline | Expectancy/Credibility Questionnaire. Scale for measuring treatment expectancy and rationale credibility for use in clinical outcome studies. Scores range from 7-21, with higher scores indicating greater expectancy and credibility. |
| Global Impression of Change | post-intervention (8 weeks) | Clinical Global Impressions Scale. Measure of perceived change in functioning as a result of the intervention. Scores range from 3-21, with higher scores indicating a greater impression of change. Measure only administered to Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training and Stress Management Education arms. |
| Change in Sustained Attention | baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup | Sustained Attention to Response Task. A computer-based go/no-go task that requires participants to withhold behavioral response to a single, infrequent target presented amongst a background of frequent non-targets. Increased errors indicates less sustained attention. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
All enrolled participants were assigned to a study arm.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions.
Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training: MBRT is an 8-week program combining training in standardized mindfulness practices targeting factors that facilitate resilience, CBT, and psychoeducation. It contains experiential and didactic exercises including body scan, sitting and walking meditation, mindful movement and discussions. | 50 |
| Stress Management Education SME was designed as an active control condition for other mindfulness-based intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress.
Stress Management Education: SME was designed as an active control condition for other Mindfulness-Based Intervention trials. SME uses a group-based didactic approach with modules on physiological and dietary effects of stress, time management, sleep physiology and insomnia, nutrition, exercise, stress hardiness, and factors mitigating impacts of stress. | 38 |
| No Intervention Control No contact control condition (other than baseline, post, and follow-up assessments) | 21 |
| Total | 109 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post-COVID Study | Lost to Follow-up | 3 | 5 | 1 |
| Post-COVID Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Pre-COVID Study | Discontinued by Researchers | 7 | 6 | 2 |
| Pre-COVID Study | Lost to Follow-up | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| Pre-COVID Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training | Stress Management Education | No Intervention Control | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 50 Participants | 38 Participants | 21 Participants | 109 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 40.22 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.03 | 39.18 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.06 | 38.90 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.09 | 39.61 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.33 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 16 Participants | 9 Participants | 4 Participants | 29 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 32 Participants | 29 Participants | 16 Participants | 77 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 4 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 3 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 41 Participants | 36 Participants | 19 Participants | 96 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 50 participants | 38 participants | 21 participants | 109 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 12 Participants | 9 Participants | 5 Participants | 26 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 38 Participants | 29 Participants | 16 Participants | 83 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 50 | 0 / 38 | 0 / 21 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 1 / 50 | 0 / 38 | 0 / 21 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 50 | 0 / 38 | 0 / 21 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Aggression
Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire-Short Form. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater aggression.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (week 8), 3-month followup, 6-month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Aggression | Baseline | 1.94 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Aggression | post-intervention (week 8) | 1.72 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.48 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Aggression | 3-month followup | 1.63 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Aggression | 6-month followup | 1.57 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.46 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Aggression | 6-month followup | 1.69 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Aggression | Baseline | 1.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Aggression | 3-month followup | 1.58 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.37 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Aggression | post-intervention (week 8) | 1.68 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Aggression | 6-month followup | 1.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Aggression | post-intervention (week 8) | 1.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.82 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Aggression | 3-month followup | 1.84 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Aggression | Baseline | 1.85 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
Secondary
Change in Alcohol Use
Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Alcohol Use. Scores range from 39-77, with higher scores indicating greater alcohol use.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Alcohol Use | baseline | 46.62 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.48 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Alcohol Use | post-intervention (8 weeks) | 46.95 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.6 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Alcohol Use | 3-month followup | 48.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.72 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Alcohol Use | 6-month followup | 47.82 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.82 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Alcohol Use | 6-month followup | 46.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.74 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Alcohol Use | baseline | 45.50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.46 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Alcohol Use | 3-month followup | 49.01 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.51 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Alcohol Use | post-intervention (8 weeks) | 48.54 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.58 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Alcohol Use | 6-month followup | 48.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.94 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Alcohol Use | post-intervention (8 weeks) | 45.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.5 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Alcohol Use | 3-month followup | 45.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.2 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Alcohol Use | baseline | 44.42 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.79 |
Secondary
Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences
Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Alcohol Use Negative Consequences.Scores range from 39-77, with higher scores indicating greater alcohol use negative consequences.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences | baseline | 40.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.44 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences | post-intervention (8 weeks) | 40.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.99 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences | 3-month followup | 40.81 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.4 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences | 6-month followup | 41.26 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.17 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences | 6-month followup | 40.81 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.34 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences | baseline | 40.35 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.21 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences | 3-month followup | 41.06 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.93 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences | post-intervention (8 weeks) | 41.06 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.35 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences | 6-month followup | 40.74 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.51 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences | post-intervention (8 weeks) | 41.03 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.8 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences | 3-month followup | 42.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.47 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Alcohol Use Negative Consequences | baseline | 40.49 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.91 |
Secondary
Change in Burnout
Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Scores range from 1-4, with higher scores indicating greater burnout.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Burnout | baseline | 2.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.46 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Burnout | 3-month followup | 2.34 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.38 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Burnout | 6-month followup | 2.32 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.42 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Burnout | post-intervention (week 8) | 2.39 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Burnout | baseline | 2.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.35 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Burnout | post-intervention (week 8) | 2.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.29 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Burnout | 3-month followup | 2.33 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Burnout | 6-month followup | 2.42 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.35 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Burnout | 3-month followup | 2.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.24 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Burnout | baseline | 2.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.36 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Burnout | post-intervention (week 8) | 2.33 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.26 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Burnout | 6-month followup | 2.37 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.28 |
Secondary
Change in C-reactive Protein
Blood spot analysis of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention and 3-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in C-reactive Protein | post-intervention (week 8) | .99 units on a scale mg/L | Standard Deviation 1.26 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in C-reactive Protein | baseline | 1.22 units on a scale mg/L | Standard Deviation 1.42 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in C-reactive Protein | 3-month followup | .90 units on a scale mg/L | Standard Deviation 1.06 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in C-reactive Protein | post-intervention (week 8) | .80 units on a scale mg/L | Standard Deviation 1.13 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in C-reactive Protein | baseline | .61 units on a scale mg/L | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in C-reactive Protein | 3-month followup | .61 units on a scale mg/L | Standard Deviation 2.41 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in C-reactive Protein | baseline | 2.11 units on a scale mg/L | Standard Deviation 2.59 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in C-reactive Protein | 3-month followup | 1.66 units on a scale mg/L | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in C-reactive Protein | post-intervention (week 8) | 1.11 units on a scale mg/L | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
Secondary
Change in Depression
Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Depression. Scores range from 38-80, with higher scores indicating more depression.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Depression | baseline | 50.15 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.99 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Depression | post-intervention (week 8) | 49.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.74 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Depression | 3-month followup | 49.50 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.36 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Depression | 6-month followup | 48.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.35 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Depression | 6-month followup | 48.14 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.07 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Depression | baseline | 48.17 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.69 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Depression | 3-month followup | 49.01 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.87 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Depression | post-intervention (week 8) | 48.02 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.66 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Depression | 6-month followup | 46.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.49 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Depression | post-intervention (week 8) | 47.55 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.17 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Depression | 3-month followup | 47.13 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.93 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Depression | baseline | 48.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.56 |
Secondary
Change in Interleukin-10
Blood spot analysis of interleukin-10.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention and 3-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Interleukin-10 | post-intervention (week 8) | .20 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.16 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Interleukin-10 | baseline | .27 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.27 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Interleukin-10 | 3-month followup | .21 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.13 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Interleukin-10 | post-intervention (week 8) | .17 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.1 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Interleukin-10 | baseline | .28 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.2 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Interleukin-10 | 3-month followup | .18 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.11 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Interleukin-10 | baseline | .16 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.08 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Interleukin-10 | 3-month followup | .11 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.07 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Interleukin-10 | post-intervention (week 8) | .13 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.12 |
Secondary
Change in Interleukin-6
Blood spot analysis of interleukin-6.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention and 3-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Interleukin-6 | post-intervention (week 8) | .58 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.91 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Interleukin-6 | baseline | .55 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.87 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Interleukin-6 | 3-month followup | .37 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.28 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Interleukin-6 | post-intervention (week 8) | .51 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Interleukin-6 | baseline | .37 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Interleukin-6 | 3-month followup | .39 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.29 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Interleukin-6 | baseline | .28 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.12 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Interleukin-6 | 3-month followup | .23 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.11 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Interleukin-6 | post-intervention (week 8) | .23 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.38 |
Secondary
Change in Interoceptive Awareness
Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness-II. Scores range from 1-6, with higher scores indicating greater interoceptive awareness.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Interoceptive Awareness | baseline | 3.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Interoceptive Awareness | post-intervention (week 8) | 4.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Interoceptive Awareness | 3-month followup | 4.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Interoceptive Awareness | 6-month followup | 4.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.55 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Interoceptive Awareness | 6-month followup | 3.87 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Interoceptive Awareness | baseline | 3.77 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Interoceptive Awareness | 3-month followup | 4.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.5 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Interoceptive Awareness | post-intervention (week 8) | 3.82 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.52 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Interoceptive Awareness | 6-month followup | 3.62 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.59 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Interoceptive Awareness | post-intervention (week 8) | 3.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.55 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Interoceptive Awareness | 3-month followup | 3.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Interoceptive Awareness | baseline | 3.62 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.51 |
Secondary
Change in Mindfulness
Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater mindfulness.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Mindfulness | post-intervention (week 8) | 3.56 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Mindfulness | baseline | 3.48 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.68 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Mindfulness | 3-month followup | 3.60 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.6 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Mindfulness | 6-month followup | 3.62 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Mindfulness | post-intervention (week 8) | 3.61 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.41 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Mindfulness | 6-month followup | 3.51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Mindfulness | 3-month followup | 3.51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.29 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Mindfulness | baseline | 3.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Mindfulness | 3-month followup | 3.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Mindfulness | post-intervention (week 8) | 3.56 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.84 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Mindfulness | baseline | 3.63 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.74 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Mindfulness | 6-month followup | 3.61 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
Secondary
Change in Perceived Stress
Perceived Stress Scale-10. Scores range from 0-40, with higher scores indicating greater perceived stress.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Perceived Stress | baseline | 24.45 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.13 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Perceived Stress | post-intervention (week 8) | 23.39 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.71 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Perceived Stress | 3-month followup | 22.66 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.61 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Perceived Stress | 6-month followup | 22.97 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.31 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Perceived Stress | 6-month followup | 24.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.23 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Perceived Stress | baseline | 23.16 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.6 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Perceived Stress | 3-month followup | 23.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.9 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Perceived Stress | post-intervention (week 8) | 22.05 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.39 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Perceived Stress | 6-month followup | 23.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.48 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Perceived Stress | post-intervention (week 8) | 22.86 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.37 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Perceived Stress | 3-month followup | 22.47 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.26 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Perceived Stress | baseline | 22.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.52 |
Secondary
Change in Psychological Resilience
Brief Resilience Scale. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater resilience.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Psychological Resilience | Baseline | 3.71 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.74 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Psychological Resilience | post-intervention | 4.08 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Psychological Resilience | 3-month followup | 3.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Psychological Resilience | 6-month followup | 4.04 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Psychological Resilience | 6-month followup | 4.01 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.52 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Psychological Resilience | Baseline | 4.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.47 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Psychological Resilience | 3-month followup | 4.10 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.41 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Psychological Resilience | post-intervention | 4.11 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.49 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Psychological Resilience | 6-month followup | 3.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Psychological Resilience | post-intervention | 3.90 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Psychological Resilience | 3-month followup | 4.03 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.41 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Psychological Resilience | Baseline | 3.99 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
Secondary
Change in Self-Compassion
Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form. Scores range from 1-5, with higher scores indicating greater self-compassion.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Self-Compassion | baseline | 3.35 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Self-Compassion | post-intervention (week 8) | 3.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.64 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Self-Compassion | 3-month followup | 3.61 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.57 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Self-Compassion | 6-month followup | 3.66 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.53 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Self-Compassion | 6-month followup | 3.45 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.55 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Self-Compassion | baseline | 3.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.58 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Self-Compassion | 3-month followup | 3.56 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.52 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Self-Compassion | post-intervention (week 8) | 3.54 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.59 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Self-Compassion | 6-month followup | 3.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Self-Compassion | post-intervention (week 8) | 3.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.83 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Self-Compassion | 3-month followup | 3.41 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Self-Compassion | baseline | 3.16 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.73 |
Secondary
Change in Sleep Disturbance
Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance. Scores range from 32-76, with higher scores indicating greater sleep disturbance.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Sleep Disturbance | baseline | 54.35 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.32 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Sleep Disturbance | post-intervention (week 8) | 52.03 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.72 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Sleep Disturbance | 3-month followup | 51.45 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.87 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Sleep Disturbance | 6-month followup | 51.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.62 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Sleep Disturbance | 6-month followup | 51.51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.78 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Sleep Disturbance | baseline | 52.48 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.8 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Sleep Disturbance | 3-month followup | 52.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.65 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Sleep Disturbance | post-intervention (week 8) | 54.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.44 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Sleep Disturbance | 6-month followup | 52.90 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.79 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Sleep Disturbance | post-intervention (week 8) | 53.11 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.26 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Sleep Disturbance | 3-month followup | 53.85 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.97 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Sleep Disturbance | baseline | 53.48 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.88 |
Secondary
Change in Suicidal Thinking
Concise Heath Risk Tracking Scale-Self-Report. Scores range from 7-35, with higher scores indicating greater suicidal ideation.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Suicidal Thinking | baseline | 8.91 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.39 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Suicidal Thinking | post-intervention (week 8) | 8.74 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.67 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Suicidal Thinking | 3-month followup | 8.90 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.34 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Suicidal Thinking | 6-month followup | 8.07 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.73 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Suicidal Thinking | 6-month followup | 8.44 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.64 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Suicidal Thinking | baseline | 8.16 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.23 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Suicidal Thinking | 3-month followup | 8.58 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.62 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Suicidal Thinking | post-intervention (week 8) | 8.05 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.25 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Suicidal Thinking | 6-month followup | 8.21 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.19 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Suicidal Thinking | post-intervention (week 8) | 9.57 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.18 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Suicidal Thinking | 3-month followup | 8.27 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.98 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Suicidal Thinking | baseline | 8.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.65 |
Secondary
Change in Sustained Attention
Sustained Attention to Response Task. A computer-based go/no-go task that requires participants to withhold behavioral response to a single, infrequent target presented amongst a background of frequent non-targets. Increased errors indicates less sustained attention.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Sustained Attention | baseline | 17.03 errors | Standard Deviation 13.5 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Sustained Attention | post-intervention (week 8) | 15.86 errors | Standard Deviation 30.28 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Sustained Attention | 3-month followup | 15.33 errors | Standard Deviation 18.88 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Sustained Attention | 6-month followup | 15.88 errors | Standard Deviation 27.22 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Sustained Attention | 6-month followup | 9.53 errors | Standard Deviation 6.89 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Sustained Attention | baseline | 16.00 errors | Standard Deviation 53.1 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Sustained Attention | 3-month followup | 9.30 errors | Standard Deviation 11.06 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Sustained Attention | post-intervention (week 8) | 13.50 errors | Standard Deviation 20 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Sustained Attention | 6-month followup | 29.23 errors | Standard Deviation 63.9 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Sustained Attention | post-intervention (week 8) | 30.71 errors | Standard Deviation 30.01 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Sustained Attention | 3-month followup | 25.35 errors | Standard Deviation 20.48 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Sustained Attention | baseline | 31.42 errors | Standard Deviation 37.16 |
Secondary
Change in Trauma Symptoms
PTSD Checklist for DSM-5. Scores ranges from 0-80, with higher scores indicating greater PTSD symptoms.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup, 6 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention, 3-month followup, and 6-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Trauma Symptoms | baseline | 37.76 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.39 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Trauma Symptoms | post-intervention (week 8) | 34.32 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.69 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Trauma Symptoms | 3-month followup | 34.07 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.57 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Trauma Symptoms | 6-month followup | 31.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.74 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Trauma Symptoms | 6-month followup | 31.61 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.08 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Trauma Symptoms | baseline | 33.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.12 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Trauma Symptoms | 3-month followup | 32.29 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.26 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Trauma Symptoms | post-intervention (week 8) | 30.74 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.77 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Trauma Symptoms | 6-month followup | 32.07 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.09 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Trauma Symptoms | post-intervention (week 8) | 33.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.35 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Trauma Symptoms | 3-month followup | 33.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.94 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Trauma Symptoms | baseline | 31.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.13 |
Secondary
Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Blood spot analysis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
Time frame: baseline, post-intervention (8 weeks), 3 month followup
Population: Numbers at post-intervention and 3-month followup reflect attrition or participants or lost to followup.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | post-intervention (week 8) | 2.02 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.68 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | baseline | 2.25 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 3-month followup | 1.76 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | post-intervention (week 8) | 1.71 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.39 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | baseline | 2.20 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.66 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 3-month followup | 1.71 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.35 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | baseline | 1.87 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.45 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 3-month followup | 1.66 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.27 |
| No Intervention Control | Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | post-intervention (week 8) | 1.70 units on a scale pg/mL | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
Secondary
Global Impression of Change
Clinical Global Impressions Scale. Measure of perceived change in functioning as a result of the intervention. Scores range from 3-21, with higher scores indicating a greater impression of change. Measure only administered to Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training and Stress Management Education arms.
Time frame: post-intervention (8 weeks)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Global Impression of Change | 16.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.1 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Global Impression of Change | 14.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.66 |
Secondary
Treatment Acceptability
Postcourse satisfaction survey. Scores range from 4-16, with higher scores indicating greater treatment acceptability. Measure only administered to Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training and Stress Management Education arms.
Time frame: post-intervention (8 weeks)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Treatment Acceptability | 13.94 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.43 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Treatment Acceptability | 12.28 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.52 |
Secondary
Treatment Compliance
Objective assessment of duration of homework practice. Measure only administered to Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training and Stress Management Education arms.
Time frame: post-intervention (8 weeks)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Treatment Compliance | 211.66 minutes | Standard Deviation 186.62 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Treatment Compliance | 65.45 minutes | Standard Deviation 68.45 |
Secondary
Treatment Expectancy and Credibility
Expectancy/Credibility Questionnaire. Scale for measuring treatment expectancy and rationale credibility for use in clinical outcome studies. Scores range from 7-21, with higher scores indicating greater expectancy and credibility.
Time frame: baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) | Treatment Expectancy and Credibility | 15.61 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.75 |
| Stress Management Education (SME) | Treatment Expectancy and Credibility | 15.60 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.9 |
| No Intervention Control | Treatment Expectancy and Credibility | 15.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.2 |