Head and Neck Cancer, Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Conditions
Brief summary
This clinical trial is for participants with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma who are scheduled to have their tumor surgically removed. The study involves obtaining baseline tissue from a clinical biopsy or research biopsy and measurement of circulating tumor cells before surgery to determine whether AXL protein expression pre-treatment correlates to clinical outcomes (change in tumor size) after two doses of cetuximab. The importance of this study is to describe if AXL expression can be used as a biomarker to predict clinical response to cetuximab (CTX) treatment.
Detailed description
This is a window of opportunity trial evaluating the hypothesis that AXL levels correlate with clinical response to cetuximab in head and neck patients. Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma who are scheduled to undergo surgical resection of their tumor and are candidates for cetuximab chemotherapy are eligible to participate. Primary: 1\. To test the hypothesis that low AXL correlates with clinical response to cetuximab in head and neck cancer patients Secondary: 1\. To further describe the safety of pre-operative administration of cetuximab Correlative: 1. To correlate AXL expression with change in Ki67 following cetuximab in Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) patients 2. To examine other putative markers of cetuximab sensitivity such as HER3 and change in circulating tumor cells 3. To establish the first panel of patient-derived xenografts from patients with known sensitivity or resistance to cetuximab Following informed consent, tumor tissue from the research biopsy and a blood draw for circulating tumor cells will be obtained. The participant will then receive two weekly doses of pre-operative cetuximab during the interval between diagnostic biopsy and surgery (\ 14 days), ensuring that no delay in standard of care (SOC) will occur. For dose #1, participants will receive cetuximab 400 mg/m2 via intravenous infusion over 2 hours (maximum infusion rate 10 mg/min) as per the standard of care loading regimen for cetuximab monotherapy. For dose #2, participants will receive cetuximab 250 mg/m2 via intravenous infusion over 1 hour (maximum infusion rate 10 mg/min) as per the standard of care dosing regimen for cetuximab monotherapy. At the time of surgery, another blood draw will be obtained for analysis of circulating tumor cells, and a portion of the resected tumor will be obtained for study analysis. Correlative studies will include the measurement of proteins hypothesized to be involved in cetuximab resistance such as AXL, Ki67, EGFR, and HER3 expression from both the biopsy and the surgical specimen. Blood will be analyzed for correlative analysis of circulating tumor cells. Tissue from the research biopsy will be utilized for participant-derived xenograft (PDX) development.
Interventions
DRUGCetuximab
Monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
Sponsors
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
American Cancer Society, Inc.
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Single site, open label, window of opportunity study
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
Informed consent: participants must be informed of the investigational nature of the study and must be able to sign a written informed consent. * Inclusion criteria for research biopsy (screen) * Participants must have suspected or known clinical presentation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma or a recurrence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma after initial therapy. For newly suspected head and neck cancer, the procedure will obtain tissue for both standard of care biopsy and additional tissue for research. * Participants must have sufficient tumor volume (approximately 10 cc) to accommodate at minimum 2-3 core samples for the research biopsy. This will be approximated based on clinical evidence, such as physician visualization or palpitation. * Participants are required to consent to the TSB Biobank protocol (2016-0934) as part of this study. * Surgical management must be the chosen modality for management of the head and neck squamous cell cancer. * Other therapeutic modalities may follow, but surgery must be the choice for first therapy rendered. * Inclusion criteria for cetuximab treatment: * Participants must have a biopsy proven, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, excluding advanced cutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. * ECOG performance status £ 1 * Women of childbearing potential (WOCP) must not be pregnant (confirmed by a negative urine/serum pregnancy test within 7 days of cetuximab treatment). In addition, a medically acceptable method of birth control must be used such as an oral, implantable, injectable, or transdermal hormonal contraceptive, an intrauterine device (IUD), use of a double barrier method (condoms, sponge, diaphragm, or vaginal ring with spermicidal jellies or cream), or total abstinence during the study participation and for 6 months after last dose of study drug. Women who are postmenopausal for at least 1 year or surgically sterile (bilateral tubal ligation, bilateral oophorectomy, or hysterectomy) are not considered to be WOCP. * Men who are not surgically or medically sterile must agree to use an acceptable method of contraception. Male participants with female sexual partners who are pregnant, possibly pregnant, or who could become pregnant must agree to use condoms during the study and for 6 months post study drug. Total abstinence for the same study period is an acceptable alternative. * Participants with other concomitant malignancies are allowed to participate on the clinical trial as long as the surgical resection of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is clinically indicated. * Participants with metastatic disease are allowed to participate on the clinical as long as the surgical resection of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is clinically indicated.
Exclusion criteria
* Diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head & neck, and salivary gland tumors * Other concurrent severe and/or uncontrolled concomitant medical conditions (e.g. active or uncontrolled infection, uncontrolled diabetes) that could cause unacceptable safety risks or compromise compliance with the protocol * Prior chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or major surgery within 8 weeks of study enrollment or those who have not recovered (to grade ≤ 1 or baseline) from clinically significant adverse events due to agents administered more than 8 weeks earlier (alopecia and fatigue excluded). Clinical significance to be determined by the study investigator * Prior cetuximab therapy is allowed so long as administered ³ 8 weeks ago. * History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of chemical or biologic composition similar to those of cetuximab * Pregnancy, breastfeeding, or expecting to conceive or father children within the projected duration of the trial, starting with the screening visit through 6 months after the last dose of trial treatment * Ongoing or active infection, including active tuberculosis or known infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) * Ongoing treatment with other investigational agents. * Any of the following cardiac conditions: * uncontrolled or poorly-controlled arrhythmia or uncontrolled cardiac insufficiency uncontrolled or poorly-controlled hypertension (\>180 mmHg systolic or \> 130 mmHg diastolic) * Any of the following conditions: * serious or non-healing wound, ulcer, or bone fracture * history of abdominal fistula, gastrointestinal perforation, or intraabdominal abscess within 28 days of study enrollment * history of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or transient ischemic attack within 12 months prior to study enrollment * history of myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmia, stable/unstable angina, symptomatic congestive heart failure, coronary/peripheral artery bypass graft or stenting or other significant cardiac disease within 6 months prior to study enrollment * history of arterial or venous thrombosis/thromboembolic event, including pulmonary embolism within 6 months of study enrollment * any condition requiring the use of immunosuppression, excluding rheumatologic conditions treated with stable doses of corticosteroids * Use of herbal supplements (St. John's Wort, gingko biloba, etc.) within one week of cetuximab treatment
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Tumor Size | up to 42 days | The tumor size (via clinical measurements) will be measured from the time of diagnosis (pre-CTX) to after treatment with 2 doses of cetuximab and within 48 hours prior to surgery (post-CTX). Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 Committee criteria will be used to define clinical response (partial response, progressive disease, or stable disease) prior to surgery. |
| Objective Tumor Response Rate - AXL Expression | up to 42 days | The levels of AXL expression (low vs high, ranges from 0-4+ with 4+ meaning intense staining in the majority of cancer cells and 0 meaning no staining at all) at the time of diagnosis (pre-CTX) will measured and compared to change in the tumor size as reported in Primary Outcome Measure 1. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Hospital Re-admission for CTX-related Complications | within 28 days after surgery | Hospital re-admission for wound healing, surgical complications, or infection that occur within 28 days after surgery will be categorized as definitely related, probably related, possibility related, unlikely related, or unrelated to cetuximab administration and will be reported as a number of participants. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Ki67 From Pre- vs Post-CTX Treated Tumors | up to 30 months | Summary statistics of the change in Ki67 (ΔKi67), as established by the surgical specimen, will be reported for the response to cetuximab endpoint. |
| Correlation of Measures of Putative Markers of CTX Sensitivity | up to 30 months | Markers include: protein, RNA, circulating tumor cells with CTX response, measured by Ki67. Correlation between ΔKi67 and putative biomarkers will be analyzed as a continuous variable and will be tested using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Correlation between two biomarkers such as AXL and HER3 expression as continuous variables will be investigated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Summary statistics will be used to report circulating tumor cells at each time point and the changes between time points. The association of change in circulating tumor cells with ΔKi67 (early response) will be explored graphically and with Pearson's correlation coefficient. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants were recruited from the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center from April 2019 to March 2021.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Pre-Operative Cetuximab Therapy Two weekly doses of pre-operative cetuximab during the interval between diagnostic HNSCC biopsy and surgery (\
14 days), ensuring that no delay in standard of care (SOC) will occur. For dose #1, participants will receive cetuximab 400 mg/m2 via intravenous infusion over 2 hours (maximum infusion rate 10 mg/min) as per the standard of care loading regimen for cetuximab monotherapy. For dose #2, participants will receive cetuximab 250 mg/m2 via intravenous infusion over 1 hour (maximum infusion rate 10 mg/min) as per the standard of care dosing regimen for cetuximab monotherapy.
Cetuximab: Monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) | 15 |
| Total | 15 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 |
|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Pre-Operative Cetuximab Therapy |
|---|---|
| Age, Customized 20-29 | 1 Participants |
| Age, Customized 30-39 | 1 Participants |
| Age, Customized 40-49 | 2 Participants |
| Age, Customized 50-59 | 2 Participants |
| Age, Customized 60-69 | 6 Participants |
| Age, Customized 70-79 | 2 Participants |
| Age, Customized 80-89 | 1 Participants |
| Disease Site Floor of Mouth | 3 Participants |
| Disease Site Other, unspecified parts of mouth | 2 Participants |
| Disease Site Soft Palate | 1 Participants |
| Disease Site Tongue | 8 Participants |
| Disease Site Tonsil | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 15 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 15 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 15 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 4 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 11 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 15 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 11 / 15 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 15 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Tumor Size
The tumor size (via clinical measurements) will be measured from the time of diagnosis (pre-CTX) to after treatment with 2 doses of cetuximab and within 48 hours prior to surgery (post-CTX). Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 Committee criteria will be used to define clinical response (partial response, progressive disease, or stable disease) prior to surgery.
Time frame: up to 42 days
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Operative Cetuximab Therapy | Change in Tumor Size | Partial response | 1 Participants |
| Pre-Operative Cetuximab Therapy | Change in Tumor Size | Progressive disease | 3 Participants |
| Pre-Operative Cetuximab Therapy | Change in Tumor Size | Stable disease | 11 Participants |
Primary
Objective Tumor Response Rate - AXL Expression
The levels of AXL expression (low vs high, ranges from 0-4+ with 4+ meaning intense staining in the majority of cancer cells and 0 meaning no staining at all) at the time of diagnosis (pre-CTX) will measured and compared to change in the tumor size as reported in Primary Outcome Measure 1.
Time frame: up to 42 days
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Operative Cetuximab Therapy | Objective Tumor Response Rate - AXL Expression | 2.3 score on a scale |
Secondary
Number of Hospital Re-admission for CTX-related Complications
Hospital re-admission for wound healing, surgical complications, or infection that occur within 28 days after surgery will be categorized as definitely related, probably related, possibility related, unlikely related, or unrelated to cetuximab administration and will be reported as a number of participants.
Time frame: within 28 days after surgery
| Arm | Measure | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Operative Cetuximab Therapy | Number of Hospital Re-admission for CTX-related Complications | 0 Participants |
Other Pre-specified
Change in Ki67 From Pre- vs Post-CTX Treated Tumors
Summary statistics of the change in Ki67 (ΔKi67), as established by the surgical specimen, will be reported for the response to cetuximab endpoint.
Time frame: up to 30 months
Other Pre-specified
Correlation of Measures of Putative Markers of CTX Sensitivity
Markers include: protein, RNA, circulating tumor cells with CTX response, measured by Ki67. Correlation between ΔKi67 and putative biomarkers will be analyzed as a continuous variable and will be tested using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Correlation between two biomarkers such as AXL and HER3 expression as continuous variables will be investigated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Summary statistics will be used to report circulating tumor cells at each time point and the changes between time points. The association of change in circulating tumor cells with ΔKi67 (early response) will be explored graphically and with Pearson's correlation coefficient.
Time frame: up to 30 months