Scleroderma, Systemic
Conditions
Keywords
Microstomia, Rehabilitation, Self-Management
Brief summary
Background: A typical feature of SSc is the fibrotic involvement of the connectival tissue of the face, which causes microstomia. Objectives: To test the effectiveness of an educational intervention with face to face training, compared to a standard information program, to reduce microstomia in women with SSc. Methods: SSc patients were randomized to the experimental and control group. Both groups received written and audiovisual information for self-management of microstomia; in addition, the experimental group received a reinforced training at baseline and at follow-up. Primary outcome: change in inter-incisal distance; secondary outcome: patient-reported mouth disability.
Detailed description
The study was designed as a single-blind, two-arm, randomized controlled study with a 12-month follow-up period. Recruitment started in February 2013 and it continued until January 2015. After recruitment, the patients were seen quarterly (i.e., follow-up visits at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months). Before follow-up visits, patients were contacted by phone to remind them of their appointment. The participants were inpatients, mainly from Central and Southern Italy, and they were enrolled in a single center, the IDI-IRCCS, FLMM, in Rome, a large dermatological reference center. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of Systemic Sclerosis, according to the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) criteria;23 age \>18 years; ability to understand the Italian language; subjective perception of problems with opening the mouth, such as hardened tissues, reduced mobility, pain - confirmed by a dermatologist; signed informed consent. Exclusion criteria were edentulous patients, presence of dental conditions, documented dysfunction of the temporo-mandibular joint, oral neoplasia, sub-mandibular inflammatory conditions, patients already undergoing face massages or face physiotherapy, patients who had undergone mouth lipofilling, patients with severe hand disability (including deep ulcers, and severe pain), and patients with documented psychiatric conditions or taking psychotropic medications. Randomization The assignment to the intervention and control group was made according to a random sequence generated by a computer program. The randomization list was maintained by an investigator who was not involved in patient recruitment nor in outcome measurement. Each entry of the randomization list was placed in a sealed envelope, numbered in ascending order, and given to a research nurse after the inclusion/exclusion criteria were verified and the informed consent was obtained.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALBrochure and DVD plus nursing training
After recruitment for both groups of participants, in a 30-minute meeting, a clinical nurse measured the opening of the mouth. She gave each participant the information brochure, the audio-visual DVD for self-management of oral exercises, diary card, and the research questionnaires, and explained their content and use. The intervention consisted of stretching exercises and movements involving the mimic muscles to perform in front of a mirror. The control group could learn the standardized exercises for the mouth-opening through information brochure and the audio-visual DVD. The experimental group was closely followed by the research nurse, an expert in Adult Education, who held 20-minute face to face meetings at baseline and at follow-up with the patients allocated to the experimental group. For both groups an information brochure and an audio-visual DVD were developed specifically for the study. The audio-visual DVD is available on the IDI-IRCCS institutional website.
BEHAVIORALBrochure and DVD only
After recruitment for both groups of participants, in a 30-minute meeting, a clinical nurse measured the opening of the mouth. She gave each participant the information brochure, the audio-visual DVD for self-management of oral exercises, diary card, and the research questionnaires, and explained their content and use. The intervention consisted of stretching exercises and movements involving the mimic muscles to perform in front of a mirror. The control group could learn the standardized exercises for the mouth-opening through information brochure and the audio-visual DVD.
Sponsors
Centro di Eccellenza per la Cultura e la Ricerca Infermieristica (CECRI)
Ministry of Health, Italy
IRCSS Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
DOUBLE (Caregiver, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* diagnosis of SSc, according to the ACR/EULAR criteria; * age \>18 years; * ability to understand the Italian language; * subjective perception of problems with opening the mouth, such as hardened tissues, reduced mobility, pain - confirmed by a dermatologist; * signed informed consent.
Exclusion criteria
* edentulous patients, * presence of dental conditions, * documented dysfunction of the temporo-mandibular joint, * oral neoplasia, * sub-mandibular inflammatory conditions, * patients already undergoing face massages or face physiotherapy, * patients who had undergone mouth lipofilling, * patients with severe hand disability (including deep ulcers, and severe pain), * patients with documented psychiatric conditions or taking psychotropic medications.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Interincisal distance | 1 year | Change in the maximum distance between the tip of the upper and lower incisors, from baseline to 1-year follow-up. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Self-reported severity of mouth disability | 1 year | To measure mouth disability, the investigators used the Italian version of the standardized self-administered questionnaire Mouth Handicap in Systemic Sclerosis (MHISS). MHISS consists of 12 items (each scored 0-4, with a total score ranging from 0 to 48) divided into 3 subscales: subscale 1 (5 items: 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6; range 0-20) examines handicap related to reduced mouth opening; subscale 2 (5 items: 2, 7, 8, 9 and 10; range 0-20) assesses handicap related to sicca syndrome; and subscale 3 (items 11 and 12; range 0-8) examines aesthetic concerns. The total score is obtained by summing the score for all items. Higher scores denote a greater mouth disability. |
| Dermatological life quality | 1 year | Quality of life was measured with the Skindex-17, a dermatology-specific questionnaire consisting of 17 items subdivided into two scales: Symptoms and Psychosocial. Possible range for both scales 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate a greater impact of the disease. Interpretation: for the Symptoms scale, \<50 non-severe, \>=50 severe; for the Psychosocial scale, \<20.82 mild, 20.83-37.50 moderate, \>=37.51 severe. |
| Disease-specific life quality | 1 year | To measure disease-specific life quality the investigators used the Systemic Sclerosis Questionnaire (SySQ), a self-administered standardized questionnaire whose Italian version was validated in our institution. The SySQ has four scales: General Symptoms, 8 items; Muscle-Skeletal, 11 items; Cardio-Respiratory, 6 items; Gastro-Intestinal, 7 items. Items are all scored 0-3. Scale scores are given by the mean of the items belonging to that scale, again with range 0-3. Higher scores indicate a worse quality of life. |
| Psychological well-being | 1 year | Possible presence of anxiety/depression was investigated with a generic questionnaire validated in the field of dermatology, the 12-item General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). GHQ-12 items have 4 possible answers, and scores were computed in the conventional way, collapsing adjacent responses to obtain a dichotomous scoring (0 + 0 + 1 + 1). Possible score 0-12. Based on previous research, patients were classified as GHQ-cases (i.e., with probable minor non psychotic disorders) if the dichotomous scoring was \>=4; and as GHQ-noncases if the dichotomous scoring was \<4. |
Outcome results
None listed