Diabetic Foot Ulcer, Diabetic Neuropathy Peripheral
Conditions
Keywords
Prevention, Physiotherapy, Diabetic Foot Ulcer, Exercise Therapy, Manual Therapy
Brief summary
This study evaluates the effects of a physiotherapy protocol (manual therapy and exercise) in the prevention of diabetic foot ulcers in patients with diabetic neuropathy. A group of participants will receive a physiotherapy protocol added to their usual medical treatment and the other group will not receive physiotherapy treatment.
Detailed description
Neuropathic diabetic patients present alterations in joint mobility, plantar pressures and ankle and foot function, characteristics related to the development of ulcers. In previous studies, it has been observed that physiotherapy protocols have produced improvements in joint mobility, magnitude of plantar pressures, distribution of plantar pressures, and improved function in the ankle and foot. A 12-week progressive physiotherapy protocol composed of manual therapy and exercise could produce changes in foot and ankle characteristics in diabetic neuropathic patients related to tissue damage, resulting in a reduction in ulcerations.
Interventions
The intervention will consist of a physiotherapy protocol twice a week for twelve weeks. The protocol will be done in three phases, constituting each month, a phase of the protocol. The first two phases will include therapeutic exercise of progressive difficulty and manual therapy, while the last phase will include only one week of manual therapy and therapeutic exercise, the last three weeks being composed only of therapeutic exercise
Sponsors
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
All assessments will be made by an experienced Podiatrist, who will not have other functions in the study
Intervention model description
Randomized Controlled Trial
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Participants with diabetes mellitus type 1 or type 2 * Patients with diabetic neuropathy * Patients with no previous history of ulcers * Patients with no previous history of lower limb amputations
Exclusion criteria
* Patients with neurological or orthopedic problems that make walking difficult (spasticity, cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis) * Severe vascular complications (arterial or venous ulcers) * Patients with critical ischemia * Patient who need walking aids (canes, crutches, splints etc.) * Patients with a history of neuropathy with different etiology from diabetes mellitus. * Patients with peripheral nervous lesions (traumatic origin, associated with surgical procedures, compression of spinal roots, plexus palsy, herpes zoster, polyradiculopathy, etc.)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in the integrity of the skin (Ulceration) | Clinical evaluation will be conducted at pre-treatment, post- treatment 12 weeks, post- treatment 24 weeks, post- treatment 36 weeks, post- treatment 48 weeks and post- treatment 60 weeks | An ulcer is considered a full thickness wound below the ankle in a diabetic patient, regardless of duration, including gangrene and necrosis. The evaluator will review the patient's medical records on the day of the evaluations, in order to assess if there has been an ulceration in the periods between evaluations and also perform a foot exploration to assess if the ulcer is present on the day of measurement. The Wagner system assesses ulcer depth and the presence of osteomyelitis or gangrene using the following grades: grade 0 (pre- or post-ulcerative lesion), grade 1 (partial/full-thickness ulcer), grade 2 (probing to tendon or capsule), grade 3 (deep with osteitis), grade 4 (partial foot gangrene) and grade 5 (whole foot gangrene). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in joint mobility | Clinical evaluation will be conducted at pre-treatment, post- treatment 12 weeks, post- treatment 24 weeks, post- treatment 36 weeks, post- treatment 48 weeks and post- treatment 60 weeks | The mobility of the tibiofibular-talar joint, subtalar joint and the first metatarsophalangeal joint, both in loading and unloading, will be measured by goniometer. |
| Change in foot function index | Clinical evaluation will be conducted at pre-treatment, post- treatment 12 weeks, post- treatment 24 weeks, post- treatment 36 weeks, post- treatment 48 weeks and post- treatment 60 weeks | The foot function index will be measured by adapting the Foot Function Index (FFI) Questionnaire to Spanish. The FFI is a questionnaire in which the answers are about the experience of the participant's previous week. It consists of 23 items divided into 3 subscales: pain, disability and limitation of activity. For each item there is an visual analog scale with values from 0 to 10. If the respondents do not find the question appropriate, they can leave it blank. Once the questionnaire is completed, all the points are added and divided by the maximum score that can be achieved with the items that have been filled out. The result obtained from each subscale is multiplied by one hundred, and rounded if necessary, to obtain values between zero and one hundred, the higher the value, the worse the patient's condition will be. The total function is obtained by calculating the average of the 3 subscale |
| Change in maximum plantar pressure | Clinical evaluation will be conducted at pre-treatment, post- treatment 12 weeks, post- treatment 24 weeks, post- treatment 36 weeks, post- treatment 48 weeks and post- treatment 60 weeks | The maximum plantar pressure of 10 areas of foot support (medial heel, lateral heel, midfoot, plantar area of each of the heads of the metatarsals from first to fifth, first toe and support area of the middle fingers from second to fifth) will be obtained through the F-Scan® system, a computerized pedobarographic analysis system. To express the maximum plantar pressure the newton per centimeter (N/cm) will be used. |
| Change in confidence in the balance for specific activities | Clinical evaluation will be conducted at pre-treatment, post- treatment 12 weeks, post- treatment 24 weeks, post- treatment 36 weeks, post- treatment 48 weeks and post- treatment 60 weeks | Confidence and balance in specific activities will be assessed by adapting the ´´Activities Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC)'' to Spanish. The ABC scale is a 16-item questionnaire that assesses the level of confidence when performing a specific task without losing balance or becoming unstable. The score of each item varies between 0% (No confidence) and 100% (Total confidence). The final score is obtained by adding the value of each item, and dividing it by 16 |
| Changes in the integral pressure-time | Clinical evaluation will be conducted at pre-treatment, post- treatment 12 weeks, post- treatment 24 weeks, post- treatment 36 weeks, post- treatment 48 weeks and post- treatment 60 weeks | The integral pressure-time of 10 areas of foot support (medial heel, lateral heel, midfoot, plantar area of each of the heads of the metatarsals from first to fifth, first toe and support area of the middle fingers from second to fifth) will be obtained through the F-Scan® system, a computerized pedobarographic analysis system. To express the integral pressure-time the newton second per centimenter will be used (N.S/cm). |
| Change in neurological function of the foot | Clinical evaluation will be conducted at pre-treatment, post- treatment 12 weeks, post- treatment 24 weeks, post- treatment 36 weeks, post- treatment 48 weeks and post- treatment 60 weeks | Neurological function of the foot will be assessed using the Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS) instrument. The neurological function of the foot will be assessed using the NDS instrument. This allows the global assessment of neuropathy, by evaluating both long nerve fibers, which intervene in reflexes and vibratory sensitivity; as short fibers, involved in sensitivity to pain and temperature. It consists of a standardized examination of ankle reflexes and the perception of some sensory tests: pain, temperature and vibration. The minimum score of the NDS is 0 and the maximum score is 10, 5 in each leg. A score of 10 points indicates the complete loss of sensitivity and the absence of tendon reflexes. An NDS score ≥ 6/10 has a 2.3 times higher risk of developing a new ulcer in a 2-year follow-up period than those with a score of ≤ 5/10 |
Countries
Spain
Contacts
Primary ContactGuido F Gómez Chiguano
Backup ContactMateo López Moral
Outcome results
None listed