Cardiovascular Diseases, Endothelial Dysfunction, Metabolic Syndrome, Diet Modification
Conditions
Keywords
Endothelial function, Blood pressure, healthy diet
Brief summary
The purpose of the research is to assess the impact of co-consuming plant sterols-enriched food product as part of a healthy eating pattern diet on endothelial function (brachial artery FMD, vasodilation-related and vasoconstriction-related biomarkers) and blood pressure management (24-hour ambulatory and classic blood pressure) in Singapore individuals with MetS.
Detailed description
This is a 13-wk double-blinded, randomized, crossover study design. Following a 1-wk pre-intervention baseline period, subjects will be randomly assigned to follow a healthy eating pattern diet either contain 2.0 g free plant sterols equivalent of their palmityl esters (Plant Sterol Diet) or do not contain plant sterols (Control Diet) for 4 weeks. After a 4-week dietary 'washout' period, they will consume the alternative diet for 4 weeks. The random assignment will be done with SAS 9.4 software. Body size measurement, dietary assessment, brachial artery FMD and blood pressure measurements, and fasting-state blood collection will be conducted at week 1, 5, 9, and 13, which correspond to before and during the last 1 week of the two 4-week intervention periods. During study week 1 and weeks 6-9, all subjects will consume their habitual, unrestricted self-chosen diets. During study weeks 2-5 and 10-13, all subject will follow a healthy eating pattern diet, referred to as the My Healthy Plate designed by HPB. Each subject's energy requirement will be estimated using sex-specific equations and Recommended Dietary Allowances for healthy Singaporean. One-on-one dietary counselling and written instructions for each subject will be provided by a research dietitian and trained research staff to achieve a healthy eating pattern diet. Compliance with the plant sterols consumption will be promoted by frequent online and in-person contact.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTplant sterols
Consumption a healthy eating pattern diet with a plant sterols-enriched food product
OTHERhealthy diet
Compliance with a healthy diet in accordance to the recommendation by the Singapore Health Promotion Board.
Sponsors
National University of Singapore
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
DOUBLE (Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
35 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
1. Ability to give an informed consent; 2. Age\>35 years old; 3. Meet any 3 of the 5 following NCEP-ATP III MetS criteria (waist circumference \> 90 cm (male), \> 80 cm (female); fasting glucose concentration ≥ 100 mg/dL or on medication; triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dL or on medication; high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) \< 40 mg/dL (male), \< 50 mg/dL (female); systolic or diastolic blood pressure \> 130/80 mmHg or on medication); 4. Weight change \< 3kg in the past 3 months; 5. No exercising vigorously over the past 3 months; 6. No allergy to plant sterols; no acute illness; not smoking; 7. No drinking more than 2 alcoholic drinks per day; 8. No pregnant, lactating, or planning pregnancy in the next 6 months.
Exclusion criteria
1. Unable to give an informed consent; 2. Age\<35 years old; 3. Meet less than 3 of following NCEP-ATP III MetS criteria (waist circumference \> 90 cm (male), \> 80 cm (female); fasting glucose concentration ≥ 100 mg/dL or on medication; triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dL or on medication; high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) \< 40 mg/dL (male), \< 50 mg/dL (female); systolic or diastolic blood pressure \> 130/80 mmHg or on medication); 4. Weight change \> 3kg in the past 3 months; 5. Exercise vigorously over the past 3 months; 6. Allergy to plant sterols; no acute illness; not smoking; 7. Drinking more than 2 alcoholic drinks per day; 8. Pregnant, lactate, or plan pregnancy in the next 6 months.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) | Every 4 weeks (Week 1, week 5, week 9, week 13) | Brachial artery FMD will be measured by high-frequency and ultrasonographic imaging. |
| Change in vasodilation and vasoconstriction related biomarkers | Every 4 weeks (Week 1, week 5, week 9, week 13) | Vasodilation and vasoconstriction related biomarkers contains nitric oxide, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and endothelin-1. They will be measured using the commercially available ELISA assay kits. |
| Change in blood pressure | Every 4 weeks (Week 1, week 5, week 9, week 13) | Classical and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and 5-day of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure will be measured. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in weight | Every 4 weeks (Week 1, week 5, week 9, week 13) | Weight (kg) |
| Change in waist circumference | Every 4 weeks (Week 1, week 5, week 9, week 13) | Waist circumference (cm) |
| Change in blood lipid-lipoproteins | Every 4 weeks (Week 1, week 5, week 9, week 13) | Assessing the blood lipid-lipoproteins profile includes the measurements of plasma total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations. |
| Change in sleep quality (Pittsburgh sleep quality index questionnaire (PSQI)) | Every 4 weeks (Week 1, week 5, week 9, week 13) | Recall based questionnaire assessing sleep habits for the past one month only which includes sleeping timing habits and quality of sleep (Very good, Fairly good, Fairly bad and very bad) |
| Change in diet | Every 4 weeks (Week 1, week 5, week 9, week 13) | Dietary assessment, 3-day food record |
| Change in skin carotenoid status | Every 4 weeks (Week 1, week 5, week 9, week 13) | Measured using resonance Raman spectroscopy. |
| Height | Pre-intervention only | Height (cm) |
Countries
Singapore
Outcome results
None listed