Presbyphonia, Vocal Cord Atrophy, Voice Disorder
Conditions
Brief summary
The larynx and vocal folds undergo many age-related changes in their physiology and structure that can lead to undesirable effects on the voice, with changes in the respiratory system compounding these deficits. These changes, also called presbyphonia, can have serious detrimental effects on the lives of elderly individuals. There are few studies that have evaluated the use of voice therapy treatment options for these patients. The primary aim of this study is to test whether the addition of expiratory muscle strength training (EMST) to a current, validated voice therapy protocol aimed at treating presbyphonia, (phonation resistance training, PhoRTE) can improve outcomes of therapy.
Detailed description
The purpose of this study is to test whether the addition of EMST to PhoRTE Voice Therapy is at least as effective as PhoRTE alone for improving acoustic, aerodynamic, and patient-reported outcomes in patients affected by age-related vocal fold atrophy. Voice therapy is often the first-line treatment for patients experiencing presbyphonia. Despite being the most common treatment for presbyphonia, scant literature exists on the efficacy of voice therapy for these patients. The current proposal aims to add to this growing body of literature. In general, studies of existing voice therapy programs for presbyphonia have demonstrated success in achieving improvement in aerodynamic (increased subglottal pressure), acoustic (increased shimmer, jitter, and decreased noise-to-harmonics ratio), and patient-centered outcomes (reduction in Voice Handicap Index scores, decreased phonatory effort). Ziegler et al. conducted a study comparing a standard voice therapy, Vocal Function Exercises (VFE) and Phonation Resistance Training Exercises (PhoRTE) and found that both therapies improved outcomes of voice-related quality of life, but only PhoRTE gave a statistically significant reduction in perceived phonatory effort. A specific therapy designed to address age-related changes to respiratory system is expiratory muscle strength training (EMST). EMST devices are loaded with a resistive spring which opens when a desired level of expiratory pressure is reached and maintained. Maintenance of consistent subglottal pressure is the foundation for phonation. EMST device training improves active expiratory muscle forces required for high-pressure activities such as long utterances or loud speech in vocally healthy individuals. When used in conjunction with traditional voice therapy, EMST use has also shown to increase maximum phonation time, maximum expiratory pressure, dynamic range, subglottal pressure, and perception of voice handicap in professional voice users over traditional voice therapy alone. The theoretical underpinnings for treatment of vocal fold atrophy with EMST are clear, as it addresses many of the common goals of treatment in patients with presbyphonia, but it has not yet been tested as a possible adjunctive treatment for patients undergoing voice therapy.
Interventions
DEVICEEMST
Training of the respiratory system muscles using the EMST device.
BEHAVIORALPhoRTE
Completing of PhoRTE voice therapy.
Sponsors
Emory University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Caregiver)
Masking description
Speech Language Pathologists (SLPs) will not know which group the participants have been randomized to.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
65 Years to 95 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Age 65 or older * Diagnosis of presbyphonia (vocal fold atrophy) made by a fellowship-trained laryngologist and a voice specialized speech language pathologist * Willingness to be randomized to one of two treatments
Exclusion criteria
* Any concomitant laryngeal diagnoses or diseases known to affect voice function, including: amyloidosis, arytenoid dislocation, laryngeal cancer, cricoarytenoid fixation, vocal fold cyst(s), vocal nodules, vocal fold polyp(s), dysplasia, vocal fold fibrous mass(es), glottal web, vocal fold immobility, laryngeal stenosis, laryngocele, leukoplakia, Parkinson's disease, Reinke's edema, respiratory recurrent pneumonia, sarcoidosis, spasmodic dysphonia * Any chronic lower airway disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis * History of acute stroke * Untreated hypertension * Untreated gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) Score | At each study visit through study completion; Time 0 (therapy visit 1-Baseline), follow-up week 1 (therapy visit 2), follow-up week 2 (therapy visit 3),follow-up week 3 (therapy visit 4), follow-up week 5 (follow up visit) | The Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) is a validated assessment instrument that quantifies patient perceptions of his or her own voice handicap. A lower score on the VHI-10 indicates perception of a lesser voice handicap than a high score. Scores range from 0 to 40. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum Expiratory Pressure (MEP) | At initial therapy visit (Baseline) and final follow up-visit (week 5) | Maximum Expiratory Pressure (MEP) was measured using a handheld manometer (Micro Direct Respiratory Pressure Meter, MicroRPM, Med-Electronics, Beltsville, MD, United States) at baseline and after 5 weeks of therapy. Participants were instructed to blow with maximum force into the MicroRPM device over 10 trials, and the participant's best three trials were used to calculate their average MEP. |
| Phonatory Airflow in Speech at Baseline and 5 Weeks | At initial therapy visit (Baseline) and final follow up-visit (week 5) | Aerodynamic measures were collected and analyzed via the Phonatory Aerodynamic System 6600 (PAS; PENTAX Medical, Montvale, NJ, United States) using the first four sentences of the Rainbow Passage. Aerodynamic measures included mean airflow during voicing and number of breaths taken. The PAS captured phonatory aerodynamic functioning using a pneumotach coupled to a facemask, with external microphone. During speech, expired air flows through the pneumotach, which consists of a stainless-steel mesh screen with pressure transducers on either side. The system calculates the pressure difference across the screen to determine airflow rate. The microphone is positioned at the end of the pneumotach and internally calibrated per system specifications to represent a mouth-to-microphone distance of 15 cm. The participant sat with the facemask held snugly over their nose and mouth while they read the first fou |
| Number of Breaths at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | At initial therapy visit (Baseline) and final follow up-visit (week 5) | Aerodynamic measurement: mean number of breaths in reading of a standard passage (The Rainbow Passage). |
| Mean Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) Measurements While Reading Functional Phrases at Baseline and 5 Weeks | Baseline (At initial therapy visit) and final follow up-visit (week 5) | Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) is a multifactorial estimate of dysphonia severity that correlates with an auditory perceptual rating of overall voice severity using a 0-100 visual analog scale. Components of the algorithm include the cepstral peak prominence and its standard deviation, the low to high spectral ratio and its standard deviation. Typically, CSID limits are 0-100, but very severe voices may exceed 100, and very periodic, normal voices may be less than 0. |
| Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) Measurements at Baseline and 5 Weeks | Baseline (At initial therapy visit) and final follow up-visit (week 5) | Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) is a multifactorial estimate of dysphonia severity that correlates with an auditory perceptual rating of overall voice severity using a 0-100 visual analog scale. Components of the algorithm include the cepstral peak prominence and its standard deviation, the low to high spectral ratio and its standard deviation. Typically, CSID limits are 0-100, but very severe voices may exceed 100, and very periodic, normal voices may be less than 0. |
| AVI Score at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | At initial therapy visit (Baseline) and final follow up-visit (Follow up - week 5) | The Aging Voice Index (AVI) is a validated instrument that measures quality of life in older adults with voice disorders. A higher score indicates worse quality of life. Scores range from 0 to 92. |
| Cepstral Peak Prominence at Baseline and 5 Weeks Follow up | At initial therapy visit (Baseline) and final follow up-visit (after week 5) | Acoustic measurement: Cepstral Peak Prominence and its standard deviation while reading functional phrases. |
| Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP) Fundamental Frequency (F0) at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | At initial therapy visit (Baseline) and final follow up-visit (week 5) | Acoustic measurement: CPP F0 while reading functional phrases. |
| Mean Fundamental Frequency in Sentence at Baseline and at 5 Weeks | At initial therapy visit (Baseline) and final follow up-visit (week 5) | Aerodynamic measurement: mean F0 in reading of a standard passage (The Rainbow Passage). |
| Vocal Intensity at Baseline and Follow up | At initial therapy visit (baseline) and final follow up-visit (week 5) | Acoustic measurement: mean vocal intensity in dB SPL while reading functional phrases. |
| Mean Change In Overall Voice Severity at 5 Weeks | At initial therapy visit and final follow up-visit, after week 5 | Overall voice severity determined by Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation - Voice (CAPE-V) score provided by blinded raters. The visual analog scale for overall voice severity used. Minimum score = 0, Maximum score = 100. Higher values indicate worse voice. |
| Duration of Standard Reading Passage at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | At initial therapy visit (Baseline) and final follow up-visit (week 5) | Aerodynamic measurement; mean duration to complete the reading of a standard passage (The Rainbow Passage). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants were recruited for the study from September 2018 until March 2020.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| PhoRTE This group will undergo standard PhoRTE therapy.
PhoRTE: Completing of PhoRTE voice therapy. | 13 |
| PhoRTE + EMST This group will undergo standard PhoRTE therapy with the addition of expiratory muscle strength training using the EMST device.
EMST: Training of the respiratory system muscles using the EMST device.
PhoRTE: Completing of PhoRTE voice therapy. | 11 |
| Total | 24 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 2 | 4 |
| Overall Study | Soreness of throat after therapy | 1 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | PhoRTE | Total | PhoRTE + EMST |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 72.10 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.91 | 73.53 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.99 | 75.22 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.12 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 11 Participants | 22 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 3 Participants | 6 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 8 Participants | 15 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 13 participants | 24 participants | 11 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 9 Participants | 15 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 4 Participants | 9 Participants | 5 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 13 | 0 / 11 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 13 | 0 / 11 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 13 | 0 / 11 |
Outcome results
Primary
Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) Score
The Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) is a validated assessment instrument that quantifies patient perceptions of his or her own voice handicap. A lower score on the VHI-10 indicates perception of a lesser voice handicap than a high score. Scores range from 0 to 40.
Time frame: At each study visit through study completion; Time 0 (therapy visit 1-Baseline), follow-up week 1 (therapy visit 2), follow-up week 2 (therapy visit 3),follow-up week 3 (therapy visit 4), follow-up week 5 (follow up visit)
Population: Number of participants analyzed is different in each time point, due to difficulties bringing participants into the clinic because of COVID-19.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PhoRTE | Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) Score | Baseline | 15.80 score on a scale | Standard Error 6.94 |
| PhoRTE | Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) Score | Follow up-week 1 | 18.85 score on a scale | Standard Error 9.5 |
| PhoRTE | Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) Score | Follow up-week 2 | 17.00 score on a scale | Standard Error 9.86 |
| PhoRTE | Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) Score | Follow up-week 3 | 14.09 score on a scale | Standard Error 9.76 |
| PhoRTE | Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) Score | Follow up-week 4 | 12.00 score on a scale | Standard Error 11.07 |
| PhoRTE | Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) Score | Follow up-week 5 | 13.3 score on a scale | Standard Error 10.86 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) Score | Follow up-week 4 | 10.17 score on a scale | Standard Error 6.97 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) Score | Baseline | 17.45 score on a scale | Standard Error 8.55 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) Score | Follow up-week 3 | 15.67 score on a scale | Standard Error 11.94 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) Score | Follow up-week 1 | 20.54 score on a scale | Standard Error 10.53 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) Score | Follow up-week 5 | 10.50 score on a scale | Standard Error 9.69 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) Score | Follow up-week 2 | 17.00 score on a scale | Standard Error 12.22 |
Secondary
AVI Score at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks)
The Aging Voice Index (AVI) is a validated instrument that measures quality of life in older adults with voice disorders. A higher score indicates worse quality of life. Scores range from 0 to 92.
Time frame: At initial therapy visit (Baseline) and final follow up-visit (Follow up - week 5)
Population: All participants were assessed for this outcome measure. 13 participants in the PhoRTE arm and 11 participants in the PhoRTE + EMST arm at baseline and follow up.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PhoRTE | AVI Score at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | Baseline | 41.54 score on a scale | Standard Error 6.19 |
| PhoRTE | AVI Score at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | Follow Up | 23.13 score on a scale | Standard Error 6.72 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | AVI Score at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | Baseline | 43.64 score on a scale | Standard Error 6.73 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | AVI Score at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | Follow Up | 27.36 score on a scale | Standard Error 8.23 |
Secondary
Cepstral Peak Prominence at Baseline and 5 Weeks Follow up
Acoustic measurement: Cepstral Peak Prominence and its standard deviation while reading functional phrases.
Time frame: At initial therapy visit (Baseline) and final follow up-visit (after week 5)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PhoRTE | Cepstral Peak Prominence at Baseline and 5 Weeks Follow up | Baseline | 8.05 dB | Standard Error 0.98 |
| PhoRTE | Cepstral Peak Prominence at Baseline and 5 Weeks Follow up | Follow Up | 11.32 dB | Standard Error 1.27 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Cepstral Peak Prominence at Baseline and 5 Weeks Follow up | Baseline | 7.13 dB | Standard Error 1.07 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Cepstral Peak Prominence at Baseline and 5 Weeks Follow up | Follow Up | 7.68 dB | Standard Error 1.5 |
Secondary
Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP) Fundamental Frequency (F0) at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks)
Acoustic measurement: CPP F0 while reading functional phrases.
Time frame: At initial therapy visit (Baseline) and final follow up-visit (week 5)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PhoRTE | Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP) Fundamental Frequency (F0) at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | Baseline | 166.21 Hz | Standard Error 14.51 |
| PhoRTE | Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP) Fundamental Frequency (F0) at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | Follow Up | 160.97 Hz | Standard Error 15.81 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP) Fundamental Frequency (F0) at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | Follow Up | 178.09 Hz | Standard Error 17.86 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP) Fundamental Frequency (F0) at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | Baseline | 167.04 Hz | Standard Error 15.9 |
Secondary
Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) Measurements at Baseline and 5 Weeks
Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) is a multifactorial estimate of dysphonia severity that correlates with an auditory perceptual rating of overall voice severity using a 0-100 visual analog scale. Components of the algorithm include the cepstral peak prominence and its standard deviation, the low to high spectral ratio and its standard deviation. Typically, CSID limits are 0-100, but very severe voices may exceed 100, and very periodic, normal voices may be less than 0.
Time frame: Baseline (At initial therapy visit) and final follow up-visit (week 5)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PhoRTE | Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) Measurements at Baseline and 5 Weeks | Baseline | 33.93 score on a scale | Standard Error 8.02 |
| PhoRTE | Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) Measurements at Baseline and 5 Weeks | Follow Up | 13.08 score on a scale | Standard Error 10.39 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) Measurements at Baseline and 5 Weeks | Follow Up | 41.56 score on a scale | Standard Error 12.27 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) Measurements at Baseline and 5 Weeks | Baseline | 42.9 score on a scale | Standard Error 8.79 |
Secondary
Duration of Standard Reading Passage at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks)
Aerodynamic measurement; mean duration to complete the reading of a standard passage (The Rainbow Passage).
Time frame: At initial therapy visit (Baseline) and final follow up-visit (week 5)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PhoRTE | Duration of Standard Reading Passage at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | Baseline | 27.23 seconds | Standard Error 1.54 |
| PhoRTE | Duration of Standard Reading Passage at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | Follow up | 25.31 seconds | Standard Error 1.84 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Duration of Standard Reading Passage at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | Baseline | 28.56 seconds | Standard Error 1.61 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Duration of Standard Reading Passage at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | Follow up | 24.93 seconds | Standard Error 2.11 |
Secondary
Maximum Expiratory Pressure (MEP)
Maximum Expiratory Pressure (MEP) was measured using a handheld manometer (Micro Direct Respiratory Pressure Meter, MicroRPM, Med-Electronics, Beltsville, MD, United States) at baseline and after 5 weeks of therapy. Participants were instructed to blow with maximum force into the MicroRPM device over 10 trials, and the participant's best three trials were used to calculate their average MEP.
Time frame: At initial therapy visit (Baseline) and final follow up-visit (week 5)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PhoRTE | Maximum Expiratory Pressure (MEP) | Baseline | 43.08 cm H2O | Standard Error 7.85 |
| PhoRTE | Maximum Expiratory Pressure (MEP) | Follow Up | 51.32 cm H2O | Standard Error 8.83 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Maximum Expiratory Pressure (MEP) | Baseline | 49.18 cm H2O | Standard Error 8.2 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Maximum Expiratory Pressure (MEP) | Follow Up | 81.81 cm H2O | Standard Error 9.94 |
Secondary
Mean Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) Measurements While Reading Functional Phrases at Baseline and 5 Weeks
Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) is a multifactorial estimate of dysphonia severity that correlates with an auditory perceptual rating of overall voice severity using a 0-100 visual analog scale. Components of the algorithm include the cepstral peak prominence and its standard deviation, the low to high spectral ratio and its standard deviation. Typically, CSID limits are 0-100, but very severe voices may exceed 100, and very periodic, normal voices may be less than 0.
Time frame: Baseline (At initial therapy visit) and final follow up-visit (week 5)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PhoRTE | Mean Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) Measurements While Reading Functional Phrases at Baseline and 5 Weeks | Follow Up | 12.08 score on a scale | Standard Error 8.57 |
| PhoRTE | Mean Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) Measurements While Reading Functional Phrases at Baseline and 5 Weeks | Baseline | 26.05 score on a scale | Standard Error 7.15 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Mean Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) Measurements While Reading Functional Phrases at Baseline and 5 Weeks | Follow Up | 20.7 score on a scale | Standard Error 9.94 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Mean Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) Measurements While Reading Functional Phrases at Baseline and 5 Weeks | Baseline | 28.85 score on a scale | Standard Error 7.84 |
Secondary
Mean Change In Overall Voice Severity at 5 Weeks
Overall voice severity determined by Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation - Voice (CAPE-V) score provided by blinded raters. The visual analog scale for overall voice severity used. Minimum score = 0, Maximum score = 100. Higher values indicate worse voice.
Time frame: At initial therapy visit and final follow up-visit, after week 5
Population: Auditory perceptual measurements of overall voice severity were not collected, thus not analyzed, due to having to convert to tele-health due to COVID-19 pandemic.
Secondary
Mean Fundamental Frequency in Sentence at Baseline and at 5 Weeks
Aerodynamic measurement: mean F0 in reading of a standard passage (The Rainbow Passage).
Time frame: At initial therapy visit (Baseline) and final follow up-visit (week 5)
Population: All participants were assessed for this outcome measure. 13 participants in the PhoRTE arm and 11 participants in the PhoRTE + EMST arm, at baseline and follow up.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PhoRTE | Mean Fundamental Frequency in Sentence at Baseline and at 5 Weeks | Baseline | 166.31 Hz | Standard Error 8.66 |
| PhoRTE | Mean Fundamental Frequency in Sentence at Baseline and at 5 Weeks | Follow Up | 177.09 Hz | Standard Error 10.15 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Mean Fundamental Frequency in Sentence at Baseline and at 5 Weeks | Baseline | 152.78 Hz | Standard Error 9.04 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Mean Fundamental Frequency in Sentence at Baseline and at 5 Weeks | Follow Up | 156.81 Hz | Standard Error 11.55 |
Secondary
Number of Breaths at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks)
Aerodynamic measurement: mean number of breaths in reading of a standard passage (The Rainbow Passage).
Time frame: At initial therapy visit (Baseline) and final follow up-visit (week 5)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PhoRTE | Number of Breaths at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | Baseline | 7.17 number of breaths | Standard Error 0.96 |
| PhoRTE | Number of Breaths at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | Follow Up | 7.36 number of breaths | Standard Error 1 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Number of Breaths at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | Baseline | 6.59 number of breaths | Standard Error 1.13 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Number of Breaths at Baseline and Follow up (5 Weeks) | Follow Up | 5.52 number of breaths | Standard Error 1.29 |
Secondary
Phonatory Airflow in Speech at Baseline and 5 Weeks
Aerodynamic measures were collected and analyzed via the Phonatory Aerodynamic System 6600 (PAS; PENTAX Medical, Montvale, NJ, United States) using the first four sentences of the Rainbow Passage. Aerodynamic measures included mean airflow during voicing and number of breaths taken. The PAS captured phonatory aerodynamic functioning using a pneumotach coupled to a facemask, with external microphone. During speech, expired air flows through the pneumotach, which consists of a stainless-steel mesh screen with pressure transducers on either side. The system calculates the pressure difference across the screen to determine airflow rate. The microphone is positioned at the end of the pneumotach and internally calibrated per system specifications to represent a mouth-to-microphone distance of 15 cm. The participant sat with the facemask held snugly over their nose and mouth while they read the first fou
Time frame: At initial therapy visit (Baseline) and final follow up-visit (week 5)
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PhoRTE | Phonatory Airflow in Speech at Baseline and 5 Weeks | Follow Up | 0.13 Liters/second | Standard Error 0.07 |
| PhoRTE | Phonatory Airflow in Speech at Baseline and 5 Weeks | Baseline | 0.29 Liters/second | Standard Error 0.05 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Phonatory Airflow in Speech at Baseline and 5 Weeks | Follow Up | 0.12 Liters/second | Standard Error 0.08 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Phonatory Airflow in Speech at Baseline and 5 Weeks | Baseline | 0.18 Liters/second | Standard Error 0.06 |
Secondary
Vocal Intensity at Baseline and Follow up
Acoustic measurement: mean vocal intensity in dB SPL while reading functional phrases.
Time frame: At initial therapy visit (baseline) and final follow up-visit (week 5)
Population: All participants were assessed for this outcome measure. 13 participants in the PhoRTE arm and 11 participants in the PhoRTE + EMST arm, at baseline and follow up.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PhoRTE | Vocal Intensity at Baseline and Follow up | Baseline | 74.22 dB SPL | Standard Error 1.49 |
| PhoRTE | Vocal Intensity at Baseline and Follow up | Follow Up | 78.06 dB SPL | Standard Error 1.95 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Vocal Intensity at Baseline and Follow up | Baseline | 76.48 dB SPL | Standard Error 1.56 |
| PhoRTE + EMST | Vocal Intensity at Baseline and Follow up | Follow Up | 73.56 dB SPL | Standard Error 2.31 |