Athletes Heart, Sports Accident
Conditions
Keywords
Aortic Valve, Sinus of Valsalva, Echocardiography, Sudden cardiac death
Brief summary
Recent developments in football have seen the sudden death of young football player due to aortic rupture hence reinforcing the controversy of football as a field with substantial risk for sudden cardiac arrest and death. Moreover, there is an argument that aortic dilatation and the subsequent event of thoracic aortic aneurysm may be an occupational disease due to the nature of some vocations (i.e., military and security personnel, blue collar workers, weightlifters, athletes etc.). Of particular importance, there is some evidence that elite athletic training is associated with small but significantly larger aortic root diameter. The purpose of this study was to investigate aortic root adaptation to physical workload and to determine if aortic root's and left ventricle sizes are contingent upon the physical workload
Detailed description
A preliminary data was collected from a total of 944 subjects in Kaunas Sports Medicine Centre during the recruiting period in 2014-2015. Final data analysis consisted of 151 Caucasian subjects who met the inclusion criteria. All subjects underwent two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) procedure. Prior to performing 2D TTE, subjects' arterial blood pressure, heart rate, height, weight, and self-reported physical activity levels were measured. The Ultrasound system CX50 (Philips Ultrasound, Philips Healthcare, Philips Medical Systems Nederland, USA) - with transducer S5-1 was used in this study. Two physicians performed 2D TTE and averages for all variables of interest were computed. The measurements of aortic root and the left ventricle were drawn upon the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. The maximal diameter of the sinuses of Valsalva was measured at end-diastole, in a strictly perpendicular plane to that of the long axis of the aorta using the edge to leading edge (L-L) convention. The aortic annulus was measured at midsystole from inner edge to inner edge (I-I). This was done in order to obtain the rounder shape and bigger diameter of aortic annulus.
Interventions
OTHERPhysical load
The impact of training on cardiac structure and function depends on the type, intensity and duration of the activity, as well as previous physical activity engagement, genetics and gender type. More knowledge about cardiac pathophysiologic training adaptation is needed.
Sponsors
Renata Žumbakytė-Šermukšnienė
Baranauskaitė Miglė
Berškienė Kristina
Agne Slapsinskaite
Study design
Observational model
ECOLOGIC_OR_COMMUNITY
Time perspective
RETROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
16 Years to 35 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* A total of 2D transthoracic echocardiography performed in Kaunas Sports Medicine Centre 2014-2015. * Age range 16- 35 years, given the literature definition of 'young' and 'old' athletes as \< 35 and \> 35 years. * Physical activity levels (athletes or non-athletes). Individuals who participated in sports for more than 4 years and 4.5 hours per week were included in the group of athletes. Individual who were active for less than 4 years and/or 4.5 hours per week were classified as non-athletes. * Physical activity type (endurance and strength sports). * No current or previous history cardiovascular diseases. * No activity on the test day. * Consent to participate in the study.
Exclusion criteria
* No 2D transthoracic echocardiography. * Age below 16 or over 35. * Involvement in sports for less than 4 years and 4.5 hours per week. * Sports branches not included in the list of endurance or strength sports (i.e., sprint, high jump, etc.). * Cardiovascular disease (i.e., hypertonic disease, Marfan syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, detected cardiomyopathy, etc.). * Physical activity on the echocardiography test day. * No content to participate in the study.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Measurement of aortic root at aortic valve annulus (AA) | Long-term adaptation more when 4 years of physical activity with 4.5 hours per week training sessions | Changes in aortic root at aortic valve annulus (AA) and at individuals. |
| Measurement of aortic root at sinus of Valsalva (VS) | Long-term adaptation more when 4 years of physical activity with 4.5 hours per week training sessions | Changes in aortic root at sinus of Valsalva (VS) individuals. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Measurement of values of the left ventricle (LV): LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) | Long-term adaptation more when 4 years of physical activity with 4.5 hours per week training sessions | Changes values of the left ventricle (LV): LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) |
| Measurement of values of interventricular septum thickness in diastole (IVSTd) | Long-term adaptation more when 4 years of physical activity with 4.5 hours per week training sessions | Changes values of interventricular septum thickness in diastole (IVSTd) |
| LV posterior wall thickness in diastole (LVPWTd) | Long-term adaptation more when 4 years of physical activity with 4.5 hours per week training sessions | Changes values of LV posterior wall thickness in diastole (LVPWTd) |
Outcome results
None listed