Hemiparesis, Stroke
Conditions
Keywords
virtual reality, boxing, upper extremity function, cognitive function, balance
Brief summary
The aim of this study is to compare the effects of virtual and real boxing training in addition to neurodevelopmental training on cognitive status, upper extremity functions, balance and activities of daily living in hemiparetic stroke patients.
Detailed description
The use of computer systems has become a highly accepted approach in neurorehabilitation currently. Virtual reality (VR) is frequently used in different disease groups for this purpose. By using various VR equipment (sensors, balance board, control, etc.), exercises can be individualized to suit individual needs and aim to stimulate neural plasticity according to motor learning principles with repetitive activities. In recent years, it has been observed that boxing training (boxing therapy) in individuals with neurological diseases (e.g. Parkinson's disease and stroke) gives positive results. It has been shown in the literature there are short and long-term improvement in daily life activities, quality of life, balance and gait functions after boxing training in patients with Parkinson' disease despite the progressive nature of Parkinson's disease. Additionally it was found that boxing program in sitting has positive effects on upper extremity functions, balance, walking and quality of life in stroke patients. In the literature, there were no studies comparing virtual and boxing therapy in stroke patients. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the effects of virtual and real boxing training in addition to neurodevelopmental training (NDT) on cognitive status, upper extremity functions, balance and activities of daily living in hemiparetic stroke patients. Patients who have had a stroke for the first time with hemiparesis, who are between the ages of 18-70, who has Mini Mental Test score above 23, whose functional level is less than 4 according to the Modified Rankin Scale, who has upper extremity spasticity lower than 3 on Modified Ashworth Scale will be included in this study. In case of hypertension which may prevent rehabilitation, heart disease, subluxation and fracture at the shoulder, visual impairment, limitation in passive normal joint movement in hemiplegic side, botulinum toxin administration or surgical operation in the last 6 months patients will not be excluded. All the patients will be measured with Addenbrooke's Cognitive Assessment (ACA), Minnesota Hand Skill Test, Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale (FAB), Frenchay Activity Index (FAI) and video boxing analysis of punching.The measurements will be made at the beginning of the treatment (0 weeks) and at the end of the treatment (8 weeks). NDT approaches consist of upper extremity facilitation techniques and activities in accordance with the patient's functional level, weight transfer and walking exercises to increase sitting and standing balance, mat exercises with the same purpose considering the functional level for each patient. In the real boxing (RB) group in addition to the NDT program, real boxing training will be given. Accordingly, the physiotherapist and the patient will wear boxing gloves and the patients will punch the physiotherapist's glove with a pre-specified treatment protocol. Resistance and frequencies between levels will be increased by the physiotherapist as the sessions progress. The RB group will have 30 minutes of real boxing training for 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. In the virtual boxing (VB) group, in addition to the NDT program, virtual boxing training will be given by using Kinect Xbox Boxing. For the VB group, virtual boxing training will be held for 3 weeks 30 minutes a week for 8 weeks.
Interventions
OTHERreal boxing training
In the real boxing (RB) group in addition to the NDT program, real boxing training will be given. Accordingly, the physiotherapist and the patient will wear boxing gloves and the patients will punch the physiotherapist's glove with a pre-specified treatment protocol. Resistance and frequencies between levels will be increased by the physiotherapist as the sessions progress. The RB group will have 30 minutes of real boxing training for 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks.
OTHERvirtual boxing training
In the virtual boxing (VB) group, in addition to the NDT program, virtual boxing training will be given by using Kinect Xbox Boxing. For the VB group, virtual boxing training will be held for 3 weeks 30 minutes a week for 8 weeks.
Sponsors
Eastern Mediterranean University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Randomized controlled study
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 70 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Patients diagnosed with first time ever stroke * Patients with hemiparesis * Patients who are between the ages of 18-70 * Patients who has Mini Mental Test score above 23 * Patients whose functional level is less than 4 according to the Modified Rankin Scale * Patients who has upper extremity spasticity lower than 3 on Modified Ashworth Scale
Exclusion criteria
* Hypertension * Heart disease * Subluxation and fracture at the shoulder * Visual impairment * Limitation in passive normal joint movement in hemiplegic side * Botulinum toxin administration or surgical operation in the last 6 months patients
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Wolf Motor Function Test | 8 weeks | Wolf Motor Function Test (WFMT) quantifies upper extremity motor ability through the use of timed and functional tasks. The widely used version of the WMFT consists of 17 items, items 7 and 14 are related to subject strength and the other 15 to subject functional ability during various tasks. Performances are scored using a 6-point functional ability scale and the less affected upper extremity followed by the most affected side. The total score, also referred to as Functional Ability score (WMFT-FAS), is the sum of the 15 items score (with a 6-point ordinal score from 0 to 5). The maximum total score is 75 and minimum is 0. Lower scores indicating lower functional levels. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test | 8 weeks | Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test (MMDT) measures the speed of gross arm and hand movements (arm-hand dexterity) during rapid eye-hand coordination tasks. The MMDT involve five subtests:The Placing Test (1st item: taking the blocks with one hand and putting them in the holes on the board in a standardized order) and Two-hand Turning and Placing Test (5th item: taking the blocks with two hands and putting them in the holes on the board in a standardized order) were the two items selected for this study.The number of seconds it took to complete the task on each of the trials was recorded. The lower the score, the better the outcome. |
| Video Boxing Analysis of Punching | 8 weeks | Video Boxing Analysis (VBA) evaluation method was used to evaluate the goal-oriented performance analysis of upper extremity. For boxing analysis patients were videotaped while punching with their right side, punching with side left and punching bilaterally. Than the videotape were watched to analyze and the number of right unilateral punches in 1 minute, number of left unilateral punches in 1 minute and number of bilateral punches in 1 minute were recorded. This analysis were done for the quantitative assessment of punch number per minute (number of punch/minute). This measurement method is created and constructed by the authors of this study. Higher number of punches indicate better outcome on this analysis. |
| Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale | 8 weeks | Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) scale was developed to evaluate sensitive changes in many aspects of balance. This performance-based scale consists of 10 test items assessing functional balance (static and dynamic) status in older people. The individual test items are: 1. Feet together, eyes closed, 2. Reach forward to retrieve an object, 3. Turn in a full circle, 4. Step up and over a bench, 5. Tandem walk, 6. Stand on one leg, 7. Stand on foam, eyes closed, 8. Two-footed jump, 9. Walk with head turns, 10. Reactive postural control. Each test item is scored using a 0-4 scale. The highest score that can be obtained on this multidimensional balance assessment is 40 points, and the lowest is zero. Higher scores indicate better balance abilities. The FAB scale is quick to administer (\ 10-12 minutes) and can be administered in a relatively small area. |
| Addenbrooke's Cognitive Assessment | 8 weeks | Addenbrook's Cognitive Assessment - Revised (ACE-R) is sensitive in the differential diagnosis of early stage dementia. However, the design and psychometric properties is also suitable to provide information about cognitive functions and cognitive deficits in patients without dementia after a stroke. The ACE-R consists of five domains including attention/orientation, memory, verbal fluency, language and visuospatial ability. The ACE-R total scale score ranges from 0 to 100. The ACE-R subscale scores ranges between; 0-18 points for attention, 0-26 for memory, 0-14 for fluency, 0-26 for language and 0-16 for visuospatial processing. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. ACE- R scale was found as reliable and valid in Turkish population. |
| Frenchay Activities Index | 8 weeks | Frenchay Activities Index is a measure of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) for use with patients recovering from stroke. The Frenchay Activities Index (FAI) assesses a broad range of activities associated with everyday life. The benefit of the FAI is that while activities of daily living scales tend to focus on issues related to self-care and mobility. The FAI comprises 15 activities, each of which is scored on a 4-point scale (0 to 3), to yield a total score ranging from 0 (inactive) to 45 (active). Scoring is based on the frequency with which the activities are carried out. It can be broken down into three subscales: domestic chores, leisure/work, and outdoor activities. Each subscale's score ranges from 0 to 15. |
Countries
Cyprus
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Real Boxing Group In the real boxing (RB) group in addition to the NDT program, real boxing training will be given.
real boxing training: In the real boxing (RB) group in addition to the NDT program, real boxing training will be given. Accordingly, the physiotherapist and the patient will wear boxing gloves and the patients will punch the physiotherapist's glove with a pre-specified treatment protocol. Resistance and frequencies between levels will be increased by the physiotherapist as the sessions progress. The RB group will have 30 minutes of real boxing training for 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. | 20 |
| Virtual Boxing Group In the virtual boxing (VB) group, in addition to the NDT program, virtual boxing training will be given by using Kinect Xbox Boxing.
virtual boxing training: In the virtual boxing (VB) group, in addition to the NDT program, virtual boxing training will be given by using Kinect Xbox Boxing. For the VB group, virtual boxing training will be held for 3 weeks 30 minutes a week for 8 weeks. | 20 |
| Total | 40 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Virtual Boxing Group | Total | Real Boxing Group |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 7 Participants | 12 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 13 Participants | 28 Participants | 15 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 60.15 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.19 | 59.20 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.61 | 58.25 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.19 |
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | — | 0 Participants | — |
| Region of Enrollment Cyprus | 20 participants | 40 participants | 20 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 5 Participants | 13 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 15 Participants | 27 Participants | 12 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 20 | 0 / 20 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 20 | 0 / 20 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 20 | 0 / 20 |
Outcome results
Primary
Wolf Motor Function Test
Wolf Motor Function Test (WFMT) quantifies upper extremity motor ability through the use of timed and functional tasks. The widely used version of the WMFT consists of 17 items, items 7 and 14 are related to subject strength and the other 15 to subject functional ability during various tasks. Performances are scored using a 6-point functional ability scale and the less affected upper extremity followed by the most affected side. The total score, also referred to as Functional Ability score (WMFT-FAS), is the sum of the 15 items score (with a 6-point ordinal score from 0 to 5). The maximum total score is 75 and minimum is 0. Lower scores indicating lower functional levels.
Time frame: 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real Boxing Group | Wolf Motor Function Test | baseline | 68.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.46 |
| Real Boxing Group | Wolf Motor Function Test | after treatment | 68.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.12 |
| Virtual Boxing Group | Wolf Motor Function Test | after treatment | 71.05 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.56 |
| Virtual Boxing Group | Wolf Motor Function Test | baseline | 69.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.12 |
p-value: 0.004Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney)
Secondary
Addenbrooke's Cognitive Assessment
Addenbrook's Cognitive Assessment - Revised (ACE-R) is sensitive in the differential diagnosis of early stage dementia. However, the design and psychometric properties is also suitable to provide information about cognitive functions and cognitive deficits in patients without dementia after a stroke. The ACE-R consists of five domains including attention/orientation, memory, verbal fluency, language and visuospatial ability. The ACE-R total scale score ranges from 0 to 100. The ACE-R subscale scores ranges between; 0-18 points for attention, 0-26 for memory, 0-14 for fluency, 0-26 for language and 0-16 for visuospatial processing. Higher scores indicate better cognitive functioning. ACE- R scale was found as reliable and valid in Turkish population.
Time frame: 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Boxing Group | Addenbrooke's Cognitive Assessment | 75.55 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.39 |
| Virtual Boxing Group | Addenbrooke's Cognitive Assessment | 75.05 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.47 |
Secondary
Frenchay Activities Index
Frenchay Activities Index is a measure of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) for use with patients recovering from stroke. The Frenchay Activities Index (FAI) assesses a broad range of activities associated with everyday life. The benefit of the FAI is that while activities of daily living scales tend to focus on issues related to self-care and mobility. The FAI comprises 15 activities, each of which is scored on a 4-point scale (0 to 3), to yield a total score ranging from 0 (inactive) to 45 (active). Scoring is based on the frequency with which the activities are carried out. It can be broken down into three subscales: domestic chores, leisure/work, and outdoor activities. Each subscale's score ranges from 0 to 15.
Time frame: 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Boxing Group | Frenchay Activities Index | 28.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.53 |
| Virtual Boxing Group | Frenchay Activities Index | 25.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.14 |
Secondary
Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale
Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) scale was developed to evaluate sensitive changes in many aspects of balance. This performance-based scale consists of 10 test items assessing functional balance (static and dynamic) status in older people. The individual test items are: 1. Feet together, eyes closed, 2. Reach forward to retrieve an object, 3. Turn in a full circle, 4. Step up and over a bench, 5. Tandem walk, 6. Stand on one leg, 7. Stand on foam, eyes closed, 8. Two-footed jump, 9. Walk with head turns, 10. Reactive postural control. Each test item is scored using a 0-4 scale. The highest score that can be obtained on this multidimensional balance assessment is 40 points, and the lowest is zero. Higher scores indicate better balance abilities. The FAB scale is quick to administer (\ 10-12 minutes) and can be administered in a relatively small area.
Time frame: 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Boxing Group | Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale | 30.20 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.76 |
| Virtual Boxing Group | Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale | 29.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.4 |
Secondary
Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test
Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test (MMDT) measures the speed of gross arm and hand movements (arm-hand dexterity) during rapid eye-hand coordination tasks. The MMDT involve five subtests:The Placing Test (1st item: taking the blocks with one hand and putting them in the holes on the board in a standardized order) and Two-hand Turning and Placing Test (5th item: taking the blocks with two hands and putting them in the holes on the board in a standardized order) were the two items selected for this study.The number of seconds it took to complete the task on each of the trials was recorded. The lower the score, the better the outcome.
Time frame: 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Boxing Group | Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test | 3.39 seconds | Standard Deviation 2.53 |
| Virtual Boxing Group | Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test | 2.42 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.55 |
Secondary
Video Boxing Analysis of Punching
Video Boxing Analysis (VBA) evaluation method was used to evaluate the goal-oriented performance analysis of upper extremity. For boxing analysis patients were videotaped while punching with their right side, punching with side left and punching bilaterally. Than the videotape were watched to analyze and the number of right unilateral punches in 1 minute, number of left unilateral punches in 1 minute and number of bilateral punches in 1 minute were recorded. This analysis were done for the quantitative assessment of punch number per minute (number of punch/minute). This measurement method is created and constructed by the authors of this study. Higher number of punches indicate better outcome on this analysis.
Time frame: 8 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Boxing Group | Video Boxing Analysis of Punching | 37.25 repetitions per minute | Standard Deviation 7.54 |
| Virtual Boxing Group | Video Boxing Analysis of Punching | 40.3 repetitions per minute | Standard Deviation 8.58 |