Pain
Conditions
Keywords
Exercise, Dose, Analgesia
Brief summary
In this study investigators will examine the effect of dose related to exercise therapy for pain in healthy adult humans. An acute pain model will be employed to study the effect of exercise dose on pain. Acute pain models are currently used to study pain (both acute and chronic) in human samples as there is currently no chronic pain model.
Detailed description
This study is designed as a randomized controlled trial with repeated measures. The effect of exercise dose on pain: subjects will be randomly assigned to one of four exercise groups: 1.) no exercise (control); 2.) low dose exercise (3x/week); 3.) moderate dose exercise (5x/week). 4.) high dose exercise (10x/week).
Interventions
BEHAVIORALControl
The Control group will perform 30 minutes of quiet rest.
BEHAVIORALWalking Exercise
Exercise groups will perform moderate intensity treadmill walking at a speed of 3.5 mph at a 0% incline for 30 minutes.
Sponsors
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS)
Duquesne University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Pseudo-randomized controlled trial
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 40 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
1. Between age 18-40 2. Normal BMI (18.5-25.0) 3. Heart Rate (HR) 60-100 bmp 4. BP less than or equal to 140/90
Exclusion criteria
1. Age \<18 or \>40 years 2. Cardiac, respiratory, neurological or musculoskeletal disease 3. Acute pain 4. Chronic pain condition 5. Diabetes 6. BMI ≥ 25.1 or ≤ 18.4 7. Regular participation in high intensity athletic/sporting activities 8. Sedentary 9. Anxiety or depression disorders 10. Tape allergy 11. Currently pregnant
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Unpleasantness | baseline and 24 hrs-post final intervention session | Subjects' constant pressure pain unpleasantness rating will be assessed using a pressure algometer (Wagner Instruments; 1cm round probe applied for 2 seconds at participant defined threshold). Following the stimulus, subjects will rate the unpleasantness of the pain associated with the stimulus using a visual analog scale numbered at 0 and 10, where 0 represents not unpleasant and 10 represents the most unpleasant sensation imaginable (0=minimum score, 10 maximum score).This will be assessed on the forearm and calf. Percent change from baseline to 24 hrs post-intervention will then be calculated (100\*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline). |
| Intervention Effects on Pressure Pain Threshold | baseline and 24 hrs-post final intervention session | Subjects' pressure pain threshold will be assessed using a pressure algometer (Wagner Instruments; 1cm round probe applied at constant ramping pressure until participant defined cutoff in kg at pain threshold). This will be assessed on the forearm and calf. Percent baseline to 24 hrs post-intervention will then be calculated (100\*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline). |
| Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Intensity | baseline and 24 hrs-post final intervention session | Subjects' constant pressure pain intensity rating will be assessed using a pressure algometer (Wagner Instruments; 1cm round probe applied for 2 seconds at participant defined threshold). Following the stimulus, subjects will rate the intensity of the pain associated with the stimulus using a visual analog scale numbered at 0 and 10, where 0 represents no pain and 10 represents the worst pain imaginable (0=minimum score, 10 maximum score). This will be assessed on the forearm and calf. Percent baseline to 24 hrs post-intervention will then be calculated (100\*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline). |
| Intervention Effects on Mechanical Sensitivity Threshold | baseline and 24 hrs-post final intervention session | Subjects' cutaneous mechanical sensitivity threshold will be examined using standard monofilaments that apply a force of 0.008g, 0.02g, 0.04g, 0.07g, 0.16g, 0.4g, 0.6g and 1.0g to the forearm and calf. Percent Baseline to 24 hrs post-intervention will then be calculated (100\*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline). A filament of different weight is applied to the skin to look at the threshold of response. |
| Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Intensity | baseline and 24 hrs-post final intervention session | Subjects' constant heat pain intensity rating will be assessed using a (45 degree Celsius, 3cm x 5cm heating block applied to the forearm and calf for 3 seconds). Following the stimulus, subjects will rate the intensity of the pain associated with the stimulus using a visual analog scale numbered at 0 and 10, where 0 represents no pain and 10 represents the worst pain imaginable (0=minimum score, 10 maximum score). Percent baseline to 24 hrs post-intervention will then be calculated (100\*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline). |
| Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Unpleasantness | baseline and 24 hrs-post final intervention session | Subjects' constant heat pain unpleasantness rating will be assessed using a (45 degree Celsius, 3cm x 5cm heating block applied to the forearm and calf for 3 seconds). Following the stimulus, subjects will rate the unpleasantness of the pain associated with the stimulus using a visual analog scale numbered at 0 and 10, where 0 represents not unpleasant and 10 represents the most unpleasant sensation imaginable (0=minimum score, 10 maximum score). Percent baseline to 24 hrs post-intervention will then be calculated (100\*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline). |
| Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Sensitivity | baseline and 24 hrs-post final intervention session | Subjects' radiant heat sensitivity will be assessed using a temperature ramp from 30 degrees Celsius to 50 degrees Celsius over 60 seconds with participant defined cutoff in temperature (degrees Celsius) reading at their sensitivity threshold to the thermal stimulus (IITC Thermal Stimulus Apparatus with custom heated glass). This will be assessed on the forearm and calf. Percent baseline to 24 hrs post-intervention will then be calculated (100\*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline). |
| Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Pain | baseline and 24 hrs-post final intervention session | Subjects' radiant heat pain threshold will be assessed using a temperature ramp from 30 degrees Celsius to 50 degrees Celsius over 20 seconds with participant defined cutoff in temperature (degrees Celsius) reading at their pain threshold to the thermal stimulus (IITC Thermal Stimulus Apparatus with custom heated glass). This will be assessed on the forearm and calf. Percent baseline to 24 hrs post-intervention will then be calculated (100\*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | days 1, 3, & 5 at start and end of each exercise session | Subjects will indicate rate of perceived exertion before and after each exercise session. Percent of pre-exercise RPE from start to end of exercise session will be calculated (100\* end of trial / start of trial). |
| Heart Rate | days 1, 3, & 5 at start and end of each exercise session | Heart rate will be measured before and after each exercise session. Percent pre-exercise session in heart rate (bpm) from start to end of exercise session will be calculated (100\*Value at end trial/Value at start of trial). |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Low Dose Exercise The Low Dose Exercise group will perform treadmill walking exercise, three times per week for one week.
Walking Exercise: Exercise groups will perform moderate intensity treadmill walking at a speed of 3.5 mph at a 0% incline for 30 minutes. | 10 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise The Moderate Dose Exercise group will perform treadmill walking exercise, five times per week for one week.
Walking Exercise: Exercise groups will perform moderate intensity treadmill walking at a speed of 3.5 mph at a 0% incline for 30 minutes. | 10 |
| High Dose Exercise The High Dose Exercise group will perform treadmill walking exercise, ten times per week for one week.
Walking Exercise: Exercise groups will perform moderate intensity treadmill walking at a speed of 3.5 mph at a 0% incline for 30 minutes. | 10 |
| Control The Control group will perform quiet rest, three times per week for one week.
Control: The Control group will perform 30 minutes of quiet rest. | 10 |
| Total | 40 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Moderate Dose Exercise | High Dose Exercise | Control | Low Dose Exercise | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 40 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 22.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3 | 20.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.3 | 22.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.7 | 20.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.7 | 21.58 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.2 |
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | — | — | — | — | 0 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 10 participants | 10 participants | 10 participants | 10 participants | 40 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 40 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 10 |
Outcome results
Primary
Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Intensity
Subjects' constant heat pain intensity rating will be assessed using a (45 degree Celsius, 3cm x 5cm heating block applied to the forearm and calf for 3 seconds). Following the stimulus, subjects will rate the intensity of the pain associated with the stimulus using a visual analog scale numbered at 0 and 10, where 0 represents no pain and 10 represents the worst pain imaginable (0=minimum score, 10 maximum score). Percent baseline to 24 hrs post-intervention will then be calculated (100\*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline).
Time frame: baseline and 24 hrs-post final intervention session
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Intensity | Forearm | 88.79 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 4.819 |
| Low Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Intensity | Calf | 59.46 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 9.12 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Intensity | Calf | 114.3 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 34.57 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Intensity | Forearm | 80.03 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 21.37 |
| High Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Intensity | Forearm | 80.16 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 14.24 |
| High Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Intensity | Calf | 79.4 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 22.68 |
| Control | Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Intensity | Forearm | 110.4 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 55.2 |
| Control | Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Intensity | Calf | 136.3 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 31.55 |
Primary
Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Unpleasantness
Subjects' constant heat pain unpleasantness rating will be assessed using a (45 degree Celsius, 3cm x 5cm heating block applied to the forearm and calf for 3 seconds). Following the stimulus, subjects will rate the unpleasantness of the pain associated with the stimulus using a visual analog scale numbered at 0 and 10, where 0 represents not unpleasant and 10 represents the most unpleasant sensation imaginable (0=minimum score, 10 maximum score). Percent baseline to 24 hrs post-intervention will then be calculated (100\*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline).
Time frame: baseline and 24 hrs-post final intervention session
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Unpleasantness | forearm | 110.1 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 20.33 |
| Low Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Unpleasantness | calf | 65.94 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 9.63 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Unpleasantness | calf | 137.5 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 33.49 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Unpleasantness | forearm | 130.7 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 48.24 |
| High Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Unpleasantness | forearm | 110.6 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 35.89 |
| High Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Unpleasantness | calf | 83.20 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 24.27 |
| Control | Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Unpleasantness | forearm | 79.63 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 39.68 |
| Control | Intervention Effects on Constant Heat Pain Unpleasantness | calf | 118.1 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 39.5 |
Primary
Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Intensity
Subjects' constant pressure pain intensity rating will be assessed using a pressure algometer (Wagner Instruments; 1cm round probe applied for 2 seconds at participant defined threshold). Following the stimulus, subjects will rate the intensity of the pain associated with the stimulus using a visual analog scale numbered at 0 and 10, where 0 represents no pain and 10 represents the worst pain imaginable (0=minimum score, 10 maximum score). This will be assessed on the forearm and calf. Percent baseline to 24 hrs post-intervention will then be calculated (100\*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline).
Time frame: baseline and 24 hrs-post final intervention session
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Intensity | forearm | 93.3 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 17.15 |
| Low Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Intensity | calf | 89.6 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 10.88 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Intensity | calf | 85.37 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 33.67 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Intensity | forearm | 49.6 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 6.87 |
| High Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Intensity | forearm | 67.26 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 25.76 |
| High Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Intensity | calf | 74.30 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 16.17 |
| Control | Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Intensity | forearm | 157.6 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 20.83 |
| Control | Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Intensity | calf | 84.14 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 11.23 |
Primary
Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Unpleasantness
Subjects' constant pressure pain unpleasantness rating will be assessed using a pressure algometer (Wagner Instruments; 1cm round probe applied for 2 seconds at participant defined threshold). Following the stimulus, subjects will rate the unpleasantness of the pain associated with the stimulus using a visual analog scale numbered at 0 and 10, where 0 represents not unpleasant and 10 represents the most unpleasant sensation imaginable (0=minimum score, 10 maximum score).This will be assessed on the forearm and calf. Percent change from baseline to 24 hrs post-intervention will then be calculated (100\*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline).
Time frame: baseline and 24 hrs-post final intervention session
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Unpleasantness | forearm | 92.61 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 17.34 |
| Low Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Unpleasantness | calf | 80.51 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 9.95 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Unpleasantness | calf | 76.56 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 27.48 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Unpleasantness | forearm | 46.62 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 9.4 |
| High Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Unpleasantness | forearm | 46.58 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 14.6 |
| High Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Unpleasantness | calf | 95.01 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 36.24 |
| Control | Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Unpleasantness | forearm | 127.9 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 19.25 |
| Control | Intervention Effects on Constant Pressure Pain Unpleasantness | calf | 114.7 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 35.59 |
Primary
Intervention Effects on Mechanical Sensitivity Threshold
Subjects' cutaneous mechanical sensitivity threshold will be examined using standard monofilaments that apply a force of 0.008g, 0.02g, 0.04g, 0.07g, 0.16g, 0.4g, 0.6g and 1.0g to the forearm and calf. Percent Baseline to 24 hrs post-intervention will then be calculated (100\*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline). A filament of different weight is applied to the skin to look at the threshold of response.
Time frame: baseline and 24 hrs-post final intervention session
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Mechanical Sensitivity Threshold | Forearm Data | 125.6 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 38 |
| Low Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Mechanical Sensitivity Threshold | Calf Data | 299 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 138.9 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Mechanical Sensitivity Threshold | Calf Data | 396.7 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 138.1 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Mechanical Sensitivity Threshold | Forearm Data | 93.56 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 36.03 |
| High Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Mechanical Sensitivity Threshold | Forearm Data | 63.04 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 15.08 |
| High Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Mechanical Sensitivity Threshold | Calf Data | 202.4 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 65.09 |
| Control | Intervention Effects on Mechanical Sensitivity Threshold | Forearm Data | 70.27 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 23.15 |
| Control | Intervention Effects on Mechanical Sensitivity Threshold | Calf Data | 287 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 138.9 |
Primary
Intervention Effects on Pressure Pain Threshold
Subjects' pressure pain threshold will be assessed using a pressure algometer (Wagner Instruments; 1cm round probe applied at constant ramping pressure until participant defined cutoff in kg at pain threshold). This will be assessed on the forearm and calf. Percent baseline to 24 hrs post-intervention will then be calculated (100\*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline).
Time frame: baseline and 24 hrs-post final intervention session
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Pressure Pain Threshold | forearm | 135.5 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 9.78 |
| Low Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Pressure Pain Threshold | calf | 122.6 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 8.66 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Pressure Pain Threshold | calf | 134.7 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 10.02 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Pressure Pain Threshold | forearm | 143.3 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 14.01 |
| High Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Pressure Pain Threshold | forearm | 150.1 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 21.57 |
| High Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Pressure Pain Threshold | calf | 130.8 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 15.54 |
| Control | Intervention Effects on Pressure Pain Threshold | forearm | 111 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 9.01 |
| Control | Intervention Effects on Pressure Pain Threshold | calf | 124.5 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 12.65 |
Primary
Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Pain
Subjects' radiant heat pain threshold will be assessed using a temperature ramp from 30 degrees Celsius to 50 degrees Celsius over 20 seconds with participant defined cutoff in temperature (degrees Celsius) reading at their pain threshold to the thermal stimulus (IITC Thermal Stimulus Apparatus with custom heated glass). This will be assessed on the forearm and calf. Percent baseline to 24 hrs post-intervention will then be calculated (100\*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline).
Time frame: baseline and 24 hrs-post final intervention session
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Pain | forearm | 98.65 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 1.81 |
| Low Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Pain | calf | 100.6 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 2.4 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Pain | calf | 99.59 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 1.7 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Pain | forearm | 96.83 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 3.14 |
| High Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Pain | forearm | 97.10 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 2.42 |
| High Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Pain | calf | 104.5 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 2.66 |
| Control | Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Pain | forearm | 99.2 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 2.6 |
| Control | Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Pain | calf | 101.9 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 1.999 |
Primary
Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Sensitivity
Subjects' radiant heat sensitivity will be assessed using a temperature ramp from 30 degrees Celsius to 50 degrees Celsius over 60 seconds with participant defined cutoff in temperature (degrees Celsius) reading at their sensitivity threshold to the thermal stimulus (IITC Thermal Stimulus Apparatus with custom heated glass). This will be assessed on the forearm and calf. Percent baseline to 24 hrs post-intervention will then be calculated (100\*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline).
Time frame: baseline and 24 hrs-post final intervention session
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Sensitivity | forearm | 99.08 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 1.4 |
| Low Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Sensitivity | calf | 100.1 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 2.68 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Sensitivity | calf | 101.5 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 1.51 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Sensitivity | forearm | 101.2 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 2.4 |
| High Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Sensitivity | forearm | 99.8 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 1.46 |
| High Dose Exercise | Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Sensitivity | calf | 102.8 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 3.1 |
| Control | Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Sensitivity | forearm | 100.8 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 1.4 |
| Control | Intervention Effects on Radiant Heat Sensitivity | calf | 102 100*Value at 24 hours/Value at Baseline | Standard Error 1.5 |
Secondary
Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
Subjects will indicate rate of perceived exertion before and after each exercise session. Percent of pre-exercise RPE from start to end of exercise session will be calculated (100\* end of trial / start of trial).
Time frame: days 1, 3, & 5 at start and end of each exercise session
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Dose Exercise | Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | Day 3 | 147.2 Percent | Standard Error 6.8 |
| Low Dose Exercise | Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | Day 1 | 144 Percent | Standard Error 5.4 |
| Low Dose Exercise | Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | Day 5 | 154.6 Percent | Standard Error 9.12 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | Day 3 | 156.3 Percent | Standard Error 7.12 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | Day 1 | 159.4 Percent | Standard Error 8.1 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | Day 5 | 155.71 Percent | Standard Error 7.11 |
| High Dose Exercise | Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | Day 1 | 152.45 Percent | Standard Error 12.17 |
| High Dose Exercise | Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | Day 5 | 157.98 Percent | Standard Error 7.98 |
| High Dose Exercise | Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | Day 3 | 161.3 Percent | Standard Error 6.16 |
Secondary
Heart Rate
Heart rate will be measured before and after each exercise session. Percent pre-exercise session in heart rate (bpm) from start to end of exercise session will be calculated (100\*Value at end trial/Value at start of trial).
Time frame: days 1, 3, & 5 at start and end of each exercise session
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Dose Exercise | Heart Rate | Day 3 | 121.443 Percent | Standard Error 3.218 |
| Low Dose Exercise | Heart Rate | Day 1 | 124.12 Percent | Standard Error 4.2 |
| Low Dose Exercise | Heart Rate | Day 5 | 113.440 Percent | Standard Error 5.272 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Heart Rate | Day 3 | 118.8 Percent | Standard Error 5.7 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Heart Rate | Day 1 | 115.87 Percent | Standard Error 7.15 |
| Moderate Dose Exercise | Heart Rate | Day 5 | 112.226 Percent | Standard Error 4.632 |
| High Dose Exercise | Heart Rate | Day 1 | 112.349 Percent | Standard Error 1.747 |
| High Dose Exercise | Heart Rate | Day 5 | 109.221 Percent | Standard Error 3.435 |
| High Dose Exercise | Heart Rate | Day 3 | 110.16 Percent | Standard Error 2.122 |