Accidental Fall, Activities of Daily Living, Arteriosclerosis, Cognitive Aging, Cognitive Decline, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Executive Function, Hypertension, Sarcopenia
Conditions
Brief summary
This study tests the effectiveness of using a new mobile application (Bingocize®) to improve older adults' (a) adherence to an engaging exercise program, and (b) aspects of functional performance, health knowledge, dietary habits, and cognition.
Detailed description
Health-promoting interventions designed to improve physical and mental fitness can help reduce health care costs; they can also help maintain, or even improve, older adults' quality of life. However, getting older adults to adhere to health-promoting exercise interventions remains difficult because such programs are often perceived as being time-consuming, painful, or unenjoyable. The present study's objective is to investigate the effectiveness of a novel technological exercise intervention program for older adults (Bingocize); in doing so, the program has the potential to improve older adults' independence and quality of life. Older adults will participate in a pre/post-intervention design with random assignment to either the experimental or one of three comparison/control groups; each group will play Bingocize in a social setting with other older adults. Participants in the experimental group will use the app to engage in twice-weekly Bingocize sessions for twelve weeks (i.e., Bingo+Exercise+Health Education); control groups will also use the app for twelve weeks but for either health education-only, exercise-only, or bingo-only.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALSocially-Based Exercise Intervention for Older Adults
A socially-based app that incorporates exercise and/or health education into a format familiar and engaging to older adults, designed to improve adherence to health-promoting behaviors
Sponsors
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
Western Kentucky University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Masking description
Staff collecting pre- and post-intervention data are masked to participant condition.
Intervention model description
In each wave of the study (14 weeks per wave), participant groups are randomly assigned to one of four conditions (A,B,C,D). Condition A receives exercise + health education. Condition B receives exercise only. Condition C receives health education only. Condition D receives nothing.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
60 Years to 85 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Normal or corrected normal vision * Mobility (i.e., not wheelchair bound) * English is native language * Minimum physical standards (e.g., ability to walk at least 10 meters) * No structured physical activity programs \>150 minutes/week in last 6 months
Exclusion criteria
* Severe neurological impairments (e.g., Parkinson's) * Colorblindness * Dementia
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test: Change in Dynamic Balance | Baseline and 12 Weeks | Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test used to assess mobility and risk for falling. Number of seconds needed to stand up from a chair, walk 10 feet, turn around, walk back 10 feet, and sit back down in chair. No minimum or maximum value is set. Lower = better. |
| Executive Function Inhibition Measure 1: Flanker Task | Baseline and 12 Weeks | Flanker Task designed to measure inhibition, part of the EXAMINER Battery (for scoring method, see References section). EXAMINER generates a score that combines reaction time and accuracy data from the incongruent trials. This scoring method generates accuracy and reaction time sub-scales that range in value between 0 and 5, and the ultimate composite score ranges in value between 0 and 10. Minimum=0, Maximum=10, higher = better. |
| Executive Function Measure: Updating Verbal Working Memory | Baseline and 12 Weeks | Dot Counting Task designed to measure verbal working memory, part of the EXAMINER Battery (for scoring method, see References). EXAMINER generates a score is the total number of items correctly recalled across all six trials. Minimum=0, Maximum=27, higher = better. |
| Executive Function Measure: Set Shifting Task | Baseline and 12 Weeks | Set Shifting Task designed to measure attention during task switching, part of the EXAMINER Battery (for scoring method, see References). EXAMINER generates a score that combines reaction time and accuracy data from the incongruent trials. This scoring method generates accuracy and reaction time sub-scales that range in value between 0 and 5, and the ultimate composite score ranges in value between 0 and 10. Minimum=0, Maximum=10, higher = better. |
| Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Baseline and 12 Weeks | Verbal Fluency Task designed to measure fluency, part of the EXAMINER Battery (for scoring method, see References). EXAMINER generates a score that represents the total number of words correctly recalled in two tasks: phonemic (letter) and semantic (category). Minimum=0, Maximum=unlimited, higher = better. |
| Chair Stands: Change in Lower-body Muscular Strength | Baseline and 12 Weeks | number of completed chair stands in 30 seconds, minimum=0, higher = better |
| Change in Dynamic Balance: 360 Degree Turns | Baseline and 12 Weeks | 360 degree turns: time to complete. No minimum or maximum value set. Lower = better. |
| Executive Function Measure of Inhibition: Continuous Performance Test | Baseline and 12 Weeks | Continuance Performance Task is classic response inhibition task, part of the EXAMINER Battery (for scoring method, see References). The score here represents the number of trials out of 100 that the participant responded correctly (i.e., either successfully responded or successfully inhibited a response). Minimum=0 Maximum=100, higher = better. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Crystallized Knowledge of Fall Risks and Proper Diet/Nutrition | Baseline and 12 Weeks | Multiple-choice questions constructed by project investigators that cover: recognition of health terms, weight management, proper diet, bone health, environmental fall risks, careful movement. Unit of measure = number correct. Minimum = 0, Maximum = 30. Higher = better. |
| Grip Strength: Changes in Upper Body Muscular Strength | Baseline and 12 Weeks | Grip strength tests using a hand-held dynamometer. No minimum or maximum set. Higher = better. |
| Fall Efficacy Scale | Baseline and 12 Weeks | Self-reported scale assessing confidence in doing activities that may be perceived as having risk for falling (see References). Minimum = 10, Maximum = 100. Lower = better. |
| Changes in Dietary Habits: Total Added Sugar Intake | Baseline and 12 Weeks | Dietary Screener Questionnaire (DSQ) assessing total added sugar intake over past 30 days |
| Changes in Quality of Life | Baseline and 12 Weeks | CDC Health related quality of life measure item 1 (general health). 1 = Excellent, 5 = Poor. Lower = Better. |
| Changes in Weight | Baseline and 12 Weeks | Weight calculated by scale measurement |
| Systolic Blood Pressure | Baseline and 12 Weeks | Systolic Blood pressure calculated by sphygmomanometer. |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure | Baseline and 12 Weeks | Diastolic Blood pressure calculated by sphygmomanometer |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
Twelve participants expressed interest but were then excluded prior to assignment to an arm or group due to failing to meet inclusion criteria. Ten participants expressed interest but then prior to assignment to an arm or group, elected to withdraw.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo Socially-Based Exercise Intervention for Older Adults. Participants use the Bingocize app incorporating exercises AND health information on fall risks + diet/nutrition.
Socially-Based Exercise Intervention for Older Adults: A socially-based app that incorporates exercise and/or health education into a format familiar and engaging to older adults, designed to improve adherence to health-promoting behaviors | 73 |
| Exercise + Bingo Socially-Based Exercise Intervention for Older Adults. Participants use the Bingocize app incorporating exercises ONLY.
Socially-Based Exercise Intervention for Older Adults: A socially-based app that incorporates exercise and/or health education into a format familiar and engaging to older adults, designed to improve adherence to health-promoting behaviors | 53 |
| Health Education + Bingo Socially-Based Exercise Intervention for Older Adults. Participants use the Bingocize app incorporating health information on fall risks + diet/nutrition ONLY.
Socially-Based Exercise Intervention for Older Adults: A socially-based app that incorporates exercise and/or health education into a format familiar and engaging to older adults, designed to improve adherence to health-promoting behaviors | 50 |
| Bingo Only Participants use the Bingocize app to play bingo only. | 43 |
| Total | 219 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 | FG002 | FG003 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Death | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Illness or Injury Unrelated to Research Study | 3 | 6 | 3 | 1 |
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 19 | 7 | 5 | 1 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 6 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Total | Bingo Only | Health Education + Bingo | Exercise + Bingo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 72.47 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.28 | 72.46 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.37 | 70.18 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.21 | 75.04 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.64 | 71.84 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.71 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 2 Participants | 3 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 63 Participants | 191 Participants | 40 Participants | 39 Participants | 49 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 8 Participants | 25 Participants | 3 Participants | 11 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 1 Participants | 3 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 19 Participants | 46 Participants | 11 Participants | 0 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 53 Participants | 167 Participants | 32 Participants | 49 Participants | 33 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 73 participants | 219 participants | 43 participants | 50 participants | 53 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 63 Participants | 192 Participants | 42 Participants | 39 Participants | 48 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 10 Participants | 27 Participants | 1 Participants | 11 Participants | 5 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 1 / 73 | 0 / 53 | 0 / 50 | 0 / 43 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 73 | 0 / 53 | 0 / 50 | 0 / 43 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 3 / 73 | 6 / 53 | 3 / 50 | 1 / 43 |
Outcome results
Primary
Chair Stands: Change in Lower-body Muscular Strength
number of completed chair stands in 30 seconds, minimum=0, higher = better
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Chair Stands: Change in Lower-body Muscular Strength | Post Intervention | 11.18 chair stands completed | Standard Deviation 4.89 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Chair Stands: Change in Lower-body Muscular Strength | Baseline | 10.07 chair stands completed | Standard Deviation 5.24 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Chair Stands: Change in Lower-body Muscular Strength | Baseline | 9.28 chair stands completed | Standard Deviation 4.02 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Chair Stands: Change in Lower-body Muscular Strength | Post Intervention | 11.89 chair stands completed | Standard Deviation 4.11 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Chair Stands: Change in Lower-body Muscular Strength | Baseline | 9.92 chair stands completed | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Chair Stands: Change in Lower-body Muscular Strength | Post Intervention | 10.87 chair stands completed | Standard Deviation 3.55 |
| Bingo Only | Chair Stands: Change in Lower-body Muscular Strength | Post Intervention | 10.52 chair stands completed | Standard Deviation 2.66 |
| Bingo Only | Chair Stands: Change in Lower-body Muscular Strength | Baseline | 9.94 chair stands completed | Standard Deviation 2.26 |
Primary
Change in Dynamic Balance: 360 Degree Turns
360 degree turns: time to complete. No minimum or maximum value set. Lower = better.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Change in Dynamic Balance: 360 Degree Turns | Baseline | 4.62 seconds | Standard Deviation 2.88 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Change in Dynamic Balance: 360 Degree Turns | Post-Intervention | 4.11 seconds | Standard Deviation 2.04 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Change in Dynamic Balance: 360 Degree Turns | Post-Intervention | 3.67 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.57 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Change in Dynamic Balance: 360 Degree Turns | Baseline | 4.07 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.44 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Change in Dynamic Balance: 360 Degree Turns | Baseline | 3.43 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.15 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Change in Dynamic Balance: 360 Degree Turns | Post-Intervention | 3.53 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.35 |
| Bingo Only | Change in Dynamic Balance: 360 Degree Turns | Baseline | 3.37 seconds | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
| Bingo Only | Change in Dynamic Balance: 360 Degree Turns | Post-Intervention | 3.52 seconds | Standard Deviation 1.13 |
Primary
Executive Function Inhibition Measure 1: Flanker Task
Flanker Task designed to measure inhibition, part of the EXAMINER Battery (for scoring method, see References section). EXAMINER generates a score that combines reaction time and accuracy data from the incongruent trials. This scoring method generates accuracy and reaction time sub-scales that range in value between 0 and 5, and the ultimate composite score ranges in value between 0 and 10. Minimum=0, Maximum=10, higher = better.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Inhibition Measure 1: Flanker Task | Baseline | 7.30 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.41 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Inhibition Measure 1: Flanker Task | Post-Intervention | 7.66 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Executive Function Inhibition Measure 1: Flanker Task | Post-Intervention | 7.54 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.78 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Executive Function Inhibition Measure 1: Flanker Task | Baseline | 7.39 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.95 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Inhibition Measure 1: Flanker Task | Baseline | 7.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.18 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Inhibition Measure 1: Flanker Task | Post-Intervention | 7.63 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
| Bingo Only | Executive Function Inhibition Measure 1: Flanker Task | Baseline | 7.51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.21 |
| Bingo Only | Executive Function Inhibition Measure 1: Flanker Task | Post-Intervention | 7.86 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
Primary
Executive Function Measure of Inhibition: Continuous Performance Test
Continuance Performance Task is classic response inhibition task, part of the EXAMINER Battery (for scoring method, see References). The score here represents the number of trials out of 100 that the participant responded correctly (i.e., either successfully responded or successfully inhibited a response). Minimum=0 Maximum=100, higher = better.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure of Inhibition: Continuous Performance Test | Baseline | 96.76 number correct | Standard Deviation 5.14 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure of Inhibition: Continuous Performance Test | Post Intervention | 96.30 number correct | Standard Deviation 6.35 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Executive Function Measure of Inhibition: Continuous Performance Test | Post Intervention | 97.92 number correct | Standard Deviation 2.69 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Executive Function Measure of Inhibition: Continuous Performance Test | Baseline | 96.66 number correct | Standard Deviation 4.53 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure of Inhibition: Continuous Performance Test | Baseline | 97.26 number correct | Standard Deviation 4.94 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure of Inhibition: Continuous Performance Test | Post Intervention | 97.60 number correct | Standard Deviation 4.38 |
| Bingo Only | Executive Function Measure of Inhibition: Continuous Performance Test | Baseline | 98.17 number correct | Standard Deviation 2.02 |
| Bingo Only | Executive Function Measure of Inhibition: Continuous Performance Test | Post Intervention | 98.43 number correct | Standard Deviation 1.65 |
Primary
Executive Function Measure: Set Shifting Task
Set Shifting Task designed to measure attention during task switching, part of the EXAMINER Battery (for scoring method, see References). EXAMINER generates a score that combines reaction time and accuracy data from the incongruent trials. This scoring method generates accuracy and reaction time sub-scales that range in value between 0 and 5, and the ultimate composite score ranges in value between 0 and 10. Minimum=0, Maximum=10, higher = better.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Set Shifting Task | Baseline | 6.70 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.93 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Set Shifting Task | Post-Intervention | 6.86 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.07 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Set Shifting Task | Post-Intervention | 6.82 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.94 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Set Shifting Task | Baseline | 6.51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.03 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Set Shifting Task | Baseline | 6.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.94 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Set Shifting Task | Post-Intervention | 7.04 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.98 |
| Bingo Only | Executive Function Measure: Set Shifting Task | Baseline | 7.05 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.94 |
| Bingo Only | Executive Function Measure: Set Shifting Task | Post-Intervention | 7.08 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.09 |
Primary
Executive Function Measure: Updating Verbal Working Memory
Dot Counting Task designed to measure verbal working memory, part of the EXAMINER Battery (for scoring method, see References). EXAMINER generates a score is the total number of items correctly recalled across all six trials. Minimum=0, Maximum=27, higher = better.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Updating Verbal Working Memory | Baseline | 21.60 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.83 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Updating Verbal Working Memory | Post Intervention | 22.56 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.28 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Updating Verbal Working Memory | Post Intervention | 22.87 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.13 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Updating Verbal Working Memory | Baseline | 22.42 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.43 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Updating Verbal Working Memory | Baseline | 22.50 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Updating Verbal Working Memory | Post Intervention | 22.15 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
| Bingo Only | Executive Function Measure: Updating Verbal Working Memory | Baseline | 21.69 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.36 |
| Bingo Only | Executive Function Measure: Updating Verbal Working Memory | Post Intervention | 22.12 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.44 |
Primary
Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency
Verbal Fluency Task designed to measure fluency, part of the EXAMINER Battery (for scoring method, see References). EXAMINER generates a score that represents the total number of words correctly recalled in two tasks: phonemic (letter) and semantic (category). Minimum=0, Maximum=unlimited, higher = better.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Baseline Phonemic Fluency | 9.5 number correct | Standard Deviation 4.18 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Post Intervention Phonemic Fluency | 10.34 number correct | Standard Deviation 5.02 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Baseline Category Fluency | 10.97 number correct | Standard Deviation 4.03 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Post Intervention Category Fluency | 11.06 number correct | Standard Deviation 3.7 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Post Intervention Phonemic Fluency | 9.97 number correct | Standard Deviation 3.66 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Baseline Category Fluency | 11.32 number correct | Standard Deviation 3.35 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Post Intervention Category Fluency | 11.62 number correct | Standard Deviation 3.74 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Baseline Phonemic Fluency | 10.9 number correct | Standard Deviation 4.39 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Baseline Category Fluency | 10.73 number correct | Standard Deviation 3.02 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Post Intervention Phonemic Fluency | 9.04 number correct | Standard Deviation 3.91 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Post Intervention Category Fluency | 9.90 number correct | Standard Deviation 3.24 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Baseline Phonemic Fluency | 9.04 number correct | Standard Deviation 3.86 |
| Bingo Only | Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Post Intervention Category Fluency | 10.97 number correct | Standard Deviation 2.85 |
| Bingo Only | Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Post Intervention Phonemic Fluency | 9.25 number correct | Standard Deviation 3.71 |
| Bingo Only | Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Baseline Phonemic Fluency | 10.51 number correct | Standard Deviation 4.1 |
| Bingo Only | Executive Function Measure: Verbal Fluency | Baseline Category Fluency | 11.28 number correct | Standard Deviation 2.88 |
Primary
Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test: Change in Dynamic Balance
Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test used to assess mobility and risk for falling. Number of seconds needed to stand up from a chair, walk 10 feet, turn around, walk back 10 feet, and sit back down in chair. No minimum or maximum value is set. Lower = better.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test: Change in Dynamic Balance | Baseline | 12.58 seconds | Standard Deviation 6.57 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test: Change in Dynamic Balance | Post-Intervention | 12.44 seconds | Standard Deviation 6.48 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test: Change in Dynamic Balance | Post-Intervention | 11.78 seconds | Standard Deviation 4.72 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test: Change in Dynamic Balance | Baseline | 12.51 seconds | Standard Deviation 4.49 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test: Change in Dynamic Balance | Baseline | 11.12 seconds | Standard Deviation 2.72 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test: Change in Dynamic Balance | Post-Intervention | 10.49 seconds | Standard Deviation 3.13 |
| Bingo Only | Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test: Change in Dynamic Balance | Baseline | 10.96 seconds | Standard Deviation 2.98 |
| Bingo Only | Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test: Change in Dynamic Balance | Post-Intervention | 11.57 seconds | Standard Deviation 2.96 |
Secondary
Changes in Dietary Habits: Total Added Sugar Intake
Dietary Screener Questionnaire (DSQ) assessing total added sugar intake over past 30 days
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Changes in Dietary Habits: Total Added Sugar Intake | Baseline | 13.46 tsp equivalents | Standard Deviation 2.72 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Changes in Dietary Habits: Total Added Sugar Intake | Post Intervention | 13.28 tsp equivalents | Standard Deviation 4.53 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Changes in Dietary Habits: Total Added Sugar Intake | Post Intervention | 13.32 tsp equivalents | Standard Deviation 3.89 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Changes in Dietary Habits: Total Added Sugar Intake | Baseline | 14.07 tsp equivalents | Standard Deviation 5.3 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Changes in Dietary Habits: Total Added Sugar Intake | Baseline | 14.94 tsp equivalents | Standard Deviation 6.06 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Changes in Dietary Habits: Total Added Sugar Intake | Post Intervention | 14.46 tsp equivalents | Standard Deviation 5.1 |
| Bingo Only | Changes in Dietary Habits: Total Added Sugar Intake | Baseline | 14.09 tsp equivalents | Standard Deviation 3.62 |
| Bingo Only | Changes in Dietary Habits: Total Added Sugar Intake | Post Intervention | 13.79 tsp equivalents | Standard Deviation 3.02 |
Secondary
Changes in Quality of Life
CDC Health related quality of life measure item 1 (general health). 1 = Excellent, 5 = Poor. Lower = Better.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Changes in Quality of Life | Baseline | 2.95 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.86 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Changes in Quality of Life | Post-Intervention | 2.86 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.82 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Changes in Quality of Life | Post-Intervention | 2.93 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Changes in Quality of Life | Baseline | 2.83 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.74 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Changes in Quality of Life | Baseline | 2.80 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Changes in Quality of Life | Post-Intervention | 2.83 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.84 |
| Bingo Only | Changes in Quality of Life | Baseline | 3.00 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| Bingo Only | Changes in Quality of Life | Post-Intervention | 3.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
Secondary
Changes in Weight
Weight calculated by scale measurement
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Changes in Weight | Baseline | 84.19 kg | Standard Deviation 22.83 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Changes in Weight | Post Intervention | 84.09 kg | Standard Deviation 22.11 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Changes in Weight | Post Intervention | 86.83 kg | Standard Deviation 22.67 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Changes in Weight | Baseline | 87.91 kg | Standard Deviation 26.6 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Changes in Weight | Baseline | 78.11 kg | Standard Deviation 14.45 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Changes in Weight | Post Intervention | 80.00 kg | Standard Deviation 15.93 |
| Bingo Only | Changes in Weight | Baseline | 86.79 kg | Standard Deviation 21.82 |
| Bingo Only | Changes in Weight | Post Intervention | 86.27 kg | Standard Deviation 21.37 |
Secondary
Crystallized Knowledge of Fall Risks and Proper Diet/Nutrition
Multiple-choice questions constructed by project investigators that cover: recognition of health terms, weight management, proper diet, bone health, environmental fall risks, careful movement. Unit of measure = number correct. Minimum = 0, Maximum = 30. Higher = better.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Crystallized Knowledge of Fall Risks and Proper Diet/Nutrition | Baseline | 19.45 number correct | Standard Deviation 3.93 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Crystallized Knowledge of Fall Risks and Proper Diet/Nutrition | Post-Intervention | 23.13 number correct | Standard Deviation 4.3 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Crystallized Knowledge of Fall Risks and Proper Diet/Nutrition | Post-Intervention | 21.67 number correct | Standard Deviation 3.67 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Crystallized Knowledge of Fall Risks and Proper Diet/Nutrition | Baseline | 19.60 number correct | Standard Deviation 3.96 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Crystallized Knowledge of Fall Risks and Proper Diet/Nutrition | Baseline | 20.07 number correct | Standard Deviation 3.93 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Crystallized Knowledge of Fall Risks and Proper Diet/Nutrition | Post-Intervention | 23.26 number correct | Standard Deviation 4.12 |
| Bingo Only | Crystallized Knowledge of Fall Risks and Proper Diet/Nutrition | Baseline | 20.12 number correct | Standard Deviation 2.85 |
| Bingo Only | Crystallized Knowledge of Fall Risks and Proper Diet/Nutrition | Post-Intervention | 20.41 number correct | Standard Deviation 3.46 |
Secondary
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Diastolic Blood pressure calculated by sphygmomanometer
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Diastolic Blood Pressure | Baseline | 75.07 mmHg | Standard Deviation 10.04 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Diastolic Blood Pressure | Post Intervention | 77.14 mmHg | Standard Deviation 9.17 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Diastolic Blood Pressure | Baseline | 78.23 mmHg | Standard Deviation 8.87 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Diastolic Blood Pressure | Post Intervention | 79.61 mmHg | Standard Deviation 11.03 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Diastolic Blood Pressure | Post Intervention | 77.83 mmHg | Standard Deviation 10.39 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Diastolic Blood Pressure | Baseline | 76.12 mmHg | Standard Deviation 7.68 |
| Bingo Only | Diastolic Blood Pressure | Baseline | 75.54 mmHg | Standard Deviation 7.33 |
| Bingo Only | Diastolic Blood Pressure | Post Intervention | 79.85 mmHg | Standard Deviation 9.07 |
Secondary
Fall Efficacy Scale
Self-reported scale assessing confidence in doing activities that may be perceived as having risk for falling (see References). Minimum = 10, Maximum = 100. Lower = better.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Fall Efficacy Scale | Baseline | 16.61 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 13.12 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Fall Efficacy Scale | Post Intervention | 17.68 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 18.48 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Fall Efficacy Scale | Post Intervention | 20.32 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 23.46 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Fall Efficacy Scale | Baseline | 21.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 20.39 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Fall Efficacy Scale | Baseline | 19.58 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 21.63 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Fall Efficacy Scale | Post Intervention | 15.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 16.42 |
| Bingo Only | Fall Efficacy Scale | Baseline | 15.13 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.22 |
| Bingo Only | Fall Efficacy Scale | Post Intervention | 15.12 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.69 |
Secondary
Grip Strength: Changes in Upper Body Muscular Strength
Grip strength tests using a hand-held dynamometer. No minimum or maximum set. Higher = better.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Grip Strength: Changes in Upper Body Muscular Strength | Baseline | 23.34 kilograms | Standard Deviation 7.34 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Grip Strength: Changes in Upper Body Muscular Strength | Post Intervention | 24.45 kilograms | Standard Deviation 8.98 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Grip Strength: Changes in Upper Body Muscular Strength | Post Intervention | 24.80 kilograms | Standard Deviation 7.42 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Grip Strength: Changes in Upper Body Muscular Strength | Baseline | 24.15 kilograms | Standard Deviation 8.79 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Grip Strength: Changes in Upper Body Muscular Strength | Baseline | 24.00 kilograms | Standard Deviation 9.6 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Grip Strength: Changes in Upper Body Muscular Strength | Post Intervention | 24.73 kilograms | Standard Deviation 9.15 |
| Bingo Only | Grip Strength: Changes in Upper Body Muscular Strength | Baseline | 23.56 kilograms | Standard Deviation 6.34 |
| Bingo Only | Grip Strength: Changes in Upper Body Muscular Strength | Post Intervention | 24.10 kilograms | Standard Deviation 6.17 |
Secondary
Systolic Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood pressure calculated by sphygmomanometer.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Systolic Blood Pressure | Baseline | 135.23 mmHg | Standard Deviation 12.99 |
| Exercise + Health Education + Bingo | Systolic Blood Pressure | Post Intervention | 136.25 mmHg | Standard Deviation 16.63 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Systolic Blood Pressure | Post Intervention | 143.21 mmHg | Standard Deviation 10.71 |
| Exercise + Bingo | Systolic Blood Pressure | Baseline | 134.03 mmHg | Standard Deviation 13.97 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Systolic Blood Pressure | Baseline | 136.12 mmHg | Standard Deviation 13.64 |
| Health Education + Bingo | Systolic Blood Pressure | Post Intervention | 141.83 mmHg | Standard Deviation 19.02 |
| Bingo Only | Systolic Blood Pressure | Baseline | 135.18 mmHg | Standard Deviation 12.42 |
| Bingo Only | Systolic Blood Pressure | Post Intervention | 141.21 mmHg | Standard Deviation 22.1 |