Educational Problems, Exercise, Happiness
Conditions
Keywords
Positive education, Walking exercise, Well-being, Pedometer, Cardiovascular fitness
Brief summary
Three arms of experimental design were used: Pedometer walking training (PWT), positive education and pedometer walking training (PEPWT), and pedometer walking (PW). Trained walking exercise was provided by a physical education expert three times per week, 45 minutes per session. Positive education was designed and led by a licensed psychologist. Six sessions of activities targeted participants' self-strength, competence and self-efficacy in walking exercise; positive relations with others; and positive emotions about life and healthy lifestyle. Of 150 participants, 60, 60 and 30 were randomly assigned to PWT, PEPWT, and PW, respectively. Demographic information, Chinese Happiness Inventory (CHI), regular walking exercise and six-minute walking distance were assessed before and after the intervention.
Detailed description
Randomization (allocation ratio 2:2:1) was stratified to three arms: pedometer walking (PW), pedometer walking with training (PWT), and positive education and pedometer walking with training (PEPWT). Randomization was conducted using opaque envelops and a randomly generated number sequence by an independent research assistant who had no prior knowledge of the recruited elders. Researchers allocated participants to their treatment condition based on the randomization code in the sealed envelope (opened in order of sequence). Researchers were not blind to the patients' treatment allocation.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALPedometer walking training and positive education
Intervention: (1)Positive education: Six psychosocial sessions were designed to enhance elders' positive emotion, motivation and self-efficacy to walk. (2) Pedometer walking training: walk at least 30 minutes per day and at least three times per week with family support and exercise companions.
BEHAVIORALPedometer walking with training
Intervention:walk at least 30 minutes per day and at least three times per week with family support and exercise companions.
BEHAVIORALpedometer walking
Intervention: pedometer walking at least 30 minutes per day and at least three times per week
Sponsors
Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
SINGLE (Investigator)
Masking description
Randomization was conducted using opaque envelops and a randomly generated number sequence by an independent research assistant who had no prior knowledge of the recruited elders. Researchers allocated participants to their treatment condition based on the randomization code in the sealed envelope (opened in order of sequence). Investigator was blind to participants, but researchers were not blind to the patients' treatment allocation.
Intervention model description
Three arms of experimental design were used: Pedometer walking training (PWT), positive education and pedometer walking training (PEPWT), and pedometer walking (PW). Trained walking exercise was provided by a physical education expert three times per week, 45 minutes per session. Positive education was designed and led by a licensed psychologist. Six sessions of activities targeted participants' self-strength, competence and self-efficacy in walking exercise; positive relations with others; and positive emotions about life and healthy lifestyle. Of 150 participants, 60, 60 and 30 were randomly assigned to PWT, PEPWT, and PW, respectively. Demographic information, Chinese Happiness Inventory (CHI), regular walking exercise and six-minute walking distance were assessed before and after the intervention.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
55 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Inclusion criteria included being retired from work and being at least 55 years old.
Exclusion criteria
* Elders who had cardiovascular disease, who were unable to walk, who had dementia or psychiatric disease, who already exercised regularly, or who were unwilling to sign the consent form were excluded from the study.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Chinese Happiness Inventory | 3 months | Chinese Happiness Inventory (CHI). The CHI 20-item version has been widely used to measure individual well-being in Chinese culture (Lu & Shih, 1997; Chiang, Lin, & Lee, 2016). Each statement represents a different level of happiness, ranging from 0 (very dissatisfied) to 3 (very satisfied). CHI score is the sum of 20 items. The higher the score is, the higher the psychological well-being is. CHI has high validity and reliability (Lu & Shih, 1997; Chiang, Lin, & Lee, 2016). |
| Cardiovascular fitness | 3 months | Cardiovascular fitness was calculated by using the six-minute walk test (6MWT) which measures the distance an individual is able to walk over a total of six minutes on a hard, flat surface and has been suggested as a useful outcome tool (Du, Newton, Salamonson, Carrieri-Kohlman, & Davidson, 2009). The goal is for the individual to walk as far as possible in six minutes. The individual is allowed to self-pace and rest as needed as they traverse back and forth along a marked walkway. The 6MWT has been used to detect changes following interventions to improve exercise tolerance for healthy older adults (Troosters, Gosselink, & Decramer, 1999). |
Outcome results
None listed