Body Composition, Body Weight Changes, Energy Expenditure, Muscle Mass, Nutrition
Conditions
Brief summary
One in every three children ages 2-19 years is overweight or obese. Although multifactorial in nature, obesity is primarily attributed to a mismatch between energy intake and energy expenditure (EE). Daily EE (DEE) can be partitioned between resting metabolic rate (RMR), EE associated with physical activity, and the thermic effect of food (TEF). RMR corresponds to the energy needed to sustain the body functions at rest and is also related to body composition (i.e., ratio of skeletal muscle mass to fat mass). Skeletal muscle mass is a large contributor to RMR; the more skeletal muscle mass, the higher the RMR (i.e., more energy expended at rest). In addition, muscle plays a central role in whole body protein metabolism and disrupted muscle metabolism is associated with the development of many common chronic diseases associated with obesity such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although the contribution of disrupted muscle metabolism to chronic disease is well-established in older adults, the potential impact in children is unknown. The overall objective for this primary project application is to determine the role of breakfast protein consumption in improving energy metabolism, energy balance and skeletal muscle health in obese, school-aged children.
Interventions
OTHERCarbohydrate
Participants will receive a carbohydrate-based breakfast beverage everyone morning for 42 days.
OTHERProtein
Participants will receive a protein-based breakfast beverage everyone morning for 42 days.
Sponsors
University of Arkansas
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
7 Years to 14 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Resides within Northwest Arkansas * Age 8-12 years old * BMI \>5th percentile * All ethnicities
Exclusion criteria
* Food allergies * Dietary restrictions * Regularly skip breakfast (\> 5 times per week) * Prescription medications * Claustrophobic * Fear of needles * Classified as a picky eater by parent/guardian
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Whole body energy expenditure (WBEE) | WBEE will be measured as the change between WBEE during day 1 and day 42 of the intervention. | WBEE will be measured using doubly labeled water. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Glycemic Response | Glycemic response will be measured on day 1 and day 42. | Glucose and insulin will be measured using commercially available kits. |
| Muscle mass | Change in muscle mass will be determined by the difference in muscle mass between day 1 and day 42. | Muscle mass will be measured using stable isotope-labeled creatine. |
| Muscle fractional synthesis rate (FSR) | FSR will be determined as the change between baseline (day 0) and day 42. | FSR will be measured using deuterated water and markers of muscle health in plasma. |
| Appetite (VAS) | VAS will be measured on day 1 and day 42. | Appetite response to test beverages will be measured using visual analog scales. Appetite and palatability were assessed using a traditional 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) \[33\] with opposing anchors (e.g., extremely hungry or not hungry at all) at time points 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Questions consisted of: how hungry do you feel at this moment, how full do you feel at this moment, how strong is your desire to eat this moment and how much food do you think you can eat at this moment. A higher number is associated with increased hunger. |
| Resting energy expenditure (REE) | Change in REE will be determined by the difference in REE between day 1 and day 42. | REE will be measured using indirect calorimetry. |
| Body composition | Change in body composition will be determined by the difference in body composition between day 1 and day 42. | Body composition will be measured via dual x-ray absorptiometry. |
| Whole body protein turnover (WPT) | Change in WPT will be determined by the difference in WPT between day 1 and day 42. | WPT will be measured via stable isotope-labeled nitrogen. |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed