Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Conditions
Keywords
Type 2 diabetes, Pulmonary function, Vascular endothelial function, Ultrasound
Brief summary
Current knowledge: To the best of our knowledge, no studies have reported the correlation between pulmonary function and the vascular endothelial function in diabetic patients during the preclinical period. Indeed, diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy are the leading causes of end-stage renal failure and acquired blindness, respectively. However, when investigators treat patients with type 2 diabetes, investigators seldom consider the pulmonary vascular injury induced by glycemia. Experimental studies have shown that pulmonary function and Vascular endothelial function change during the preclinical stages of diabetic retinopathy. Researchers have already established that compared to healthy subjects, patients with type 2 diabetes have a reduced alveolar gas exchange capacity. The NO and ET-1 can be used to assess the Vascular endothelial function. What this paper contributes to our knowledge: Regulating glycemia can improve Vascular endothelial function . This study suggests that detecting the NO and ET-1 would allow for the prediction of changes in pulmonary function during the preclinical stages of diabetic retinopathy and the degree of retinopathy in the future.
Interventions
OTHERDiabetes
The patients have diabetes without diabetic retinopathy from the diabetic outpatient
Sponsors
Guanlin Yang
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
35 Years to 70 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
1) symptoms of diabetes (thirst, polydipsia, diuresis, and unexplainable weight loss); 2) random blood sugar ≥11.1 mol/L, fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mol/L or an oral glucose tolerance test outcome (2-hour postprandial blood glucose) ≥11.1 mol/L; or 3) no symptoms of diabetes but either random blood sugar ≥11.1 mol/L or fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mol/L. \-
Exclusion criteria
1) diagnosis of type 2 diabetes according to the guidelines of the American Diabetes Association;11 2) no history of smoking (never smoked), pulmonary disease or pulmonary infection (during the treatment or recovery period); 3) no hepatopathy, nephropathy, or gastrointestinal disease; and 4) a high likelihood of good compliance and the ability to visit our hospital for periodic assessments. The
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| pulmonary function parameters(diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide of lung/unit volume,DLCO/VA,%) | one week | Pulmonary function tests were performed using a spirometer. We used the ratio of measured values to the expected values, % of predicted value, to eliminate the influence of age, height, and weight. Before testing, subjects remained sitting at quiet rest for at least 30 min, pulmonary function tests were performed 3 times and the best of 3 acceptable readings was used in the analysis. Spirometry and analysis of pulmonary function were performed by trained professionals. |
| pulmonary function parameters(forced expiratory volume in 1 second/ forced vital capacity,FEV1/FVC,%) | one week | Pulmonary function tests were performed using a spirometer. We used the ratio of measured values to the expected values, % of predicted value, to eliminate the influence of age, height, and weight. Before testing, subjects remained sitting at quiet rest for at least 30 min, pulmonary function tests were performed 3 times and the best of 3 acceptable readings was used in the analysis. Spirometry and analysis of pulmonary function were performed by trained professionals. |
| pulmonary function parameters(vital capacity,VC,%) | one week | Pulmonary function tests were performed using a spirometer. We used the ratio of measured values to the expected values, % of predicted value, to eliminate the influence of age, height, and weight. Before testing, subjects remained sitting at quiet rest for at least 30 min, pulmonary function tests were performed 3 times and the best of 3 acceptable readings was used in the analysis. Spirometry and analysis of pulmonary function were performed by trained professionals. |
| pulmonary function parameters(forced vital capacity,FVC,%) | one week | Pulmonary function tests were performed using a spirometer. We used the ratio of measured values to the expected values, % of predicted value, to eliminate the influence of age, height, and weight. Before testing, subjects remained sitting at quiet rest for at least 30 min, pulmonary function tests were performed 3 times and the best of 3 acceptable readings was used in the analysis. Spirometry and analysis of pulmonary function were performed by trained professionals. |
| pulmonary function parameters(forced expiratory volume in 1 second,FEV1,%) | one week | Pulmonary function tests were performed using a spirometer. We used the ratio of measured values to the expected values, % of predicted value, to eliminate the influence of age, height, and weight. Before testing, subjects remained sitting at quiet rest for at least 30 min, pulmonary function tests were performed 3 times and the best of 3 acceptable readings was used in the analysis. Spirometry and analysis of pulmonary function were performed by trained professionals. |
| pulmonary function parameters(peak expiratory force,PEF,%) | one week | Pulmonary function tests were performed using a spirometer. We used the ratio of measured values to the expected values, % of predicted value, to eliminate the influence of age, height, and weight. Before testing, subjects remained sitting at quiet rest for at least 30 min, pulmonary function tests were performed 3 times and the best of 3 acceptable readings was used in the analysis. Spirometry and analysis of pulmonary function were performed by trained professionals. |
| pulmonary function parameters(maximal voluntary ventilation,MVV,%) | one week | Pulmonary function tests were performed using a spirometer. We used the ratio of measured values to the expected values, % of predicted value, to eliminate the influence of age, height, and weight. Before testing, subjects remained sitting at quiet rest for at least 30 min, pulmonary function tests were performed 3 times and the best of 3 acceptable readings was used in the analysis. Spirometry and analysis of pulmonary function were performed by trained professionals. |
| pulmonary function parameters(total lung capacity,TLC,%) | one week | Pulmonary function tests were performed using a spirometer. We used the ratio of measured values to the expected values, % of predicted value, to eliminate the influence of age, height, and weight. Before testing, subjects remained sitting at quiet rest for at least 30 min, pulmonary function tests were performed 3 times and the best of 3 acceptable readings was used in the analysis. Spirometry and analysis of pulmonary function were performed by trained professionals. |
| pulmonary function parameters(diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide of lung,DLCO,%) | one week | Pulmonary function tests were performed using a spirometer. We used the ratio of measured values to the expected values, % of predicted value, to eliminate the influence of age, height, and weight. Before testing, subjects remained sitting at quiet rest for at least 30 min, pulmonary function tests were performed 3 times and the best of 3 acceptable readings was used in the analysis. Spirometry and analysis of pulmonary function were performed by trained professionals. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Vascular endothelial function(nitrogen oxide,NO,μmol /L) | one week | NO were detected by biochemical radioimmunoassay (biochemical,μmol /L),ET-1(radioimmunoassay,μg /L) were dectcted in sugar |
| Vascular endothelial function(endothelin-1,ET-1,μmol /L) | one week | ET-1 were detected by biochemical radioimmunoassay |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Serum lipid(Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C(mg/dl)) | on week | LDL-C were measured according to the research kit instructions. All the specimens were measured within 1 week of collection. |
| Blood sugar(2-hour postprandial blood glucose , 2hPBG(mmol/l)) | one week | Plasma glucose levels were determined by the glucose oxidase method. The OGTT method used 75 g of oral glucose (50% anhydrous glucose solution 150 ml including 7.5 bottles added to 150 ml warm water). Venous blood was extracted to measure the 2hPG, and 5 ml of venous blood was placed into a glass tube, left standing at least 10 min, and centrifuged (3000 r/min) 10 min to separate serum, which was saved in -70 ℃ cryogenic refrigerator |
| Serum lipid(Total cholesterol,TC(mg/dl)) | on week | TC were measured according to the research kit instructions. All the specimens were measured within 1 week of collection. |
| Blood sugar(glycosylated hemoglobinA1c,HbA1c(%)) | one week | Plasma glucose levels were determined by the glucose oxidase method. The OGTT method used 75 g of oral glucose (50% anhydrous glucose solution 150 ml including 7.5 bottles added to 150 ml warm water). Venous blood was extracted to measure the 2hPG, and 5 ml of venous blood was placed into a glass tube, left standing at least 10 min, and centrifuged (3000 r/min) 10 min to separate serum, which was saved in -70 ℃ cryogenic refrigerator |
| Serum lipid(Triglycerides,TG(mg/dl)) | on week | TG were measured according to the research kit instructions. All the specimens were measured within 1 week of collection. |
| Blood sugar(fasting plasma glucose,FPG(mmol/l)) | one week | Plasma glucose levels were determined by the glucose oxidase method. The OGTT method used 75 g of oral glucose (50% anhydrous glucose solution 150 ml including 7.5 bottles added to 150 ml warm water). Venous blood was extracted to measure the 2hPG, and 5 ml of venous blood was placed into a glass tube, left standing at least 10 min, and centrifuged (3000 r/min) 10 min to separate serum, which was saved in -70 ℃ cryogenic refrigerator |
| Serum lipid(High-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C(mg/dl)) | on week | HDL-C were measured according to the research kit instructions. All the specimens were measured within 1 week of collection. |
Outcome results
None listed