Inflammation, Obesity, Inflammatory Response, Cardiovascular Diseases
Conditions
Brief summary
This study will investigate the effect of a 7-day westernised high-fat (65% of kilocalories), high-calorie (150% of requirements) diet on markers of inflammation in the blood and white adipose tissue. Participants will firstly complete a 3-day weight maintenance phase (Days 1-3) before completing a 7-day high fat diet intervention (Days 4-10). On days 4 and 11 participants will complete a laboratory visit where anthropometric measurements, blood and adipose samples will be collected. The investigators hypothesise that consuming a high-fat, high-calorie diet for 7 days will alter the inflammatory responses in white adipose tissue and will induce metabolic endotoxaemia / systemic inflammation.
Interventions
OTHERHigh Fat Diet
Participants will consume a high fat diet for 7 days with 65% of energy from fat. The diet will also provide an energy excess at 150% of energy requirements. Participants will be provided with all of their meals and snacks throughout the study.
Sponsors
Loughborough University
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 40 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* 18-40 years * BMI = 21.0-29.9 kg/m2 * Male or female * Physically active (\> 3 x 30 min moderate exercise per week) * Healthy * No cardiometabolic (e.g. heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes) or inflammatory illness
Exclusion criteria
* Inactive (\< 3 x 30 min moderate exercise per week) * Smoker * Women who are pregnant or lactating * Medication/supplements known to interfere with study outcomes or prescribed antibiotics within the last 3 months * Unstable weight history (≥3kg loss or gain in the previous 3 months) * An allergy to lidocaine * Food allergies (e.g. gluten, dairy) and intolerances (e.g. lactose) which could impede compliance to the diet * Vegetarian/ vegan (as the high-fat diet is based on animal fats) * Consumption of probiotics yogurts during or within the four weeks prior to the start of the study (e.g. Actimel, Activia, Yakult, Yeo Valley) * Alcohol consumption \>28 units per week for a man (i.e. not more than 14 pints of beer or 28 small glasses of wine) or \>21 units per week for a woman (i.e. more than 10 and a half pints of beer or 21 small glasses of wine) * Any other unusual medical history or diet and lifestyle habits or practices that would preclude volunteers from participating in a dietary intervention or metabolic study * Restrained eaters (determined by Three Factor Eating Questionnaire)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Protein expression (content and phosphorylation) of key markers of metabolic inflammation in white adipose tissue (for example assessment of NFKB/IKBa total protein and phosphorylation by western blot analysis) | Change between pre- and post-high fat diet (assessed on days 4 and 11) | This will be assessed following the collection of fasted white adipose tissue samples |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Gene expression of key markers of metabolic inflammation in white adipose tissue | Change between pre- and post-high fat diet (assessed on days 4 and 11) | This will be assessed following the collection of fasted white adipose tissue samples |
| Fasting Serum Markers of Insulin Resistance (for example insulin and glucose concentrations, determined using an ELISA/ spectrophotometric assay) | Change between pre- and post-high fat diet (assessed on days 4 and 11) | Assessed following the collection of fasted blood samples |
| Fasting Serum Lipid Profile (for example total, HDL and LDL cholesterol, TAG and NEFA concentrations, measured using a spectrophotometric assay) | Change between pre- and post-high fat diet (assessed on days 4 and 11) | Assessed following the collection of fasted blood samples |
| Systemic Markers of Inflammation (for example CRP, TNFa and IL-6 concentrations, determined by spectrophotometric assay/ ELISA) | Change between pre- and post-high fat diet (assessed on days 4 and 11) | Assessed following the collection of fasted blood samples |
| Immune Cell Populations in the Blood | Change between pre- and post-high fat diet (assessed on days 4 and 11) | Assessed following the collection of fasted blood samples |
| Anthropometric Measurements (for example height and weight that will be aggregated to report BMI in kg/m^2) | Change between pre- and post-high fat diet (assessed on days 4 and 11) | Measured using standard equipment |
| Physical Activity | Habitual physical activity will be assessed for 3 days prior to commencing the high-fat diet intervention (days 1-3) and during the final 3 days of the intervention (days 8-10) | Assessed using Actigraph accelerometers |
| Systemic Markers of Metabolic Endotoxemia (for example LBP and sCD14 concentrations, determined using an ELISA) | Change between pre- and post-high fat diet (assessed on days 4 and 11) | Assessed following the collection of fasted blood samples |
Countries
United Kingdom
Outcome results
None listed