Gliomas
Conditions
Keywords
Recurrent, Progressive, High Grade Glioma, IDH Mutant, Low Grade Glioma
Brief summary
The objective of this study is to determine response rates (partial and complete responses) to nivolumab of recurrent or progressive IDH mutant (grades 2, 3 or 4) gliomas with prior exposure to alkylating agents.
Detailed description
Gliomas are the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Their clinical presentation is heterogeneous and prognosis is dependent on both the grade of the tumor and the molecular subtype. Somatic mutations in Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) or, less commonly, Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) genes have emerged as an important prognostic factor in gliomas and are associated with longer survival. Regardless of initial grade, recurrence and transformation into higher grade tumors is almost universal. There is high unmet medical need in treating recurrent gliomas as there is currently no established standard of care therapy. Recent trials of IDH inhibitors in IDH mutant gliomas and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and PD-L1 inhibitors in recurrent gliomas have been disappointing. Multiple studies in other cancers have demonstrated that hypermutated tumors are associated with response to immunotherapeutic agents, including anti-CTLA4 agents in melanoma, anti-PD1 therapy in bladder cancer, and anti-programmed-cell-death protein 1 (anti-PD1) therapy in lung, and colorectal cancer. There is evidence to suggest that gliomas with somatic IDH mutations are more prone to develop hypermutation after exposure to alkylating agents than IDH wildtype tumors, providing strong scientific rationale for establishing nivolumab as a treatment option in this subgroup of patients.
Interventions
DRUGNivolumab
Nivolumab (Opdivo®) is a human monoclonal antibody (HuMAb; immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)- S228P) that targets the PD-1 cluster of differentiation 279 (CD279) cell surface membrane receptor.
Sponsors
Fabio Iwamoto, MD
Bristol-Myers Squibb
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Participants must have signed and dated an IRB/IEC approved written informed consent form in accordance with regulatory and institutional guidelines. This must be obtained before the performance of any protocol-related procedures that are not part of normal patient care. * Participant must be willing and able to comply with scheduled visits, treatment schedule, laboratory tests, and other requirements of the study. * Participant must be 18 years of age or older * Participants with pathologically confirmed grade 2, 3 or 4 gliomas with IDH mutation (confirmed by IDH R132H immunohistochemistry or IDH1/IDH2 next generation sequencing) who have progressive tumor and have had previous exposure to alkylating agents. * Participants must have measurable disease, defined as at least one enhancing tumor lesion that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension as ≥ 10mm x 10mm on brain MRI. See 13.2 Disease Parameters for more information regarding evaluation of measurable disease. Patients with non-enhancing measureable disease may be eligible upon discussion with and approval by the CUMC PI. * Availability of baseline frozen tumor or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor block. * Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) of 60 and above * Adequate bone marrow, kidney and liver function as defined below: i) White blood count (WBC) ≥ 3000/microliter (uL) ii) Neutrophils ≥ 1500/uL iii) Absolute lymphocyte count ≥ 500/uL iv) Platelets ≥ 100x103 /uL v) Hemoglobin ≥ 9.0g/dL vi) Serum creatinine ≤ 1.5x upper limit of normal (ULN) or calculated creatinine clearance (CrCl)\> 50 mL/min (using the Cockcroft-Gault formula) 1. Female CrCl = (140 - age in years) x weight in kg x 0.85 72 x serum creatinine in mg/dL 2. Male CrCl = (140 - age in years) x weight in kg x 1.00 72 x serum creatinine in mg/dL vi) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤ 3.0 x ULN vii) Total bilirubin (TBILI) ≤ 1.5 x ULN (except participants with Gilbert Syndrome who must have a total bilirubin level of \< 3.0xULN) * Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test (minimum sensitivity 25 IU/L or equivalent units of human chorionic gonadotropin) within 24 hours prior to the start of study drug * Women must not be pregnant or breastfeeding * WOCBP must agree to follow instructions for method(s) of contraception for the duration of study treatment with nivolumab and 5 months after the last dose of study treatment (i.e., 30 days (duration of ovulatory cycle) plus the time required for the investigational drug to undergo approximately five half-lives.) * Males who are sexually active with WOCBP must agree to follow instructions for method(s) of contraception for the duration of study treatment with nivolumab and 7 months after the last dose of study treatment (i.e., 90 days (duration of sperm turnover) plus the time required for the investigational drug to undergo approximately five halflives.) * Azoospermic males are exempt from contraceptive requirements. WOCBP who are continuously not heterosexually active are also exempt from contraceptive requirements, but still must undergo pregnancy testing. * Investigators shall counsel WOCBP, and male participants who are sexually active with WOCBP, on the importance of pregnancy prevention and the implications of an unexpected pregnancy. Investigators shall advise on the use of highly effective methods of contraception, which have a failure rate of \< 1% when used consistently and correctly. * At a minimum, participants must agree to use 1 highly effective method of contraception
Exclusion criteria
* Participants with an active, known, or suspected autoimmune disease. * Participants with type I diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism only requiring hormone replacement, skin disorders (such as vitiligo, psoriasis, or alopecia) not requiring systemic treatment, or conditions not expected to recur in the absence of an external trigger are permitted to enroll. * Participants with a condition requiring systemic treatment with either corticosteroids (\> 10 mg daily prednisone equivalent) or other immunosuppressive medications within 14 days of start of study treatment. Inhaled or topical steroids, and adrenal replacement steroid doses \> 10 mg daily prednisone equivalent, are permitted in the absence of active autoimmune disease. Dose of dexamethasone ≤ 4 mg/day or equivalent is allowed at the study entry for brain tumor edema * Participants who have received chemotherapy or experimental agents within 4 weeks (except for 6 weeks for nitrosoureas and 23 days for temozolomide) and radiotherapy within 12 weeks of the first dose of the study treatment. * Prior use of PD-1, PD-L1, or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors or exposure to other checkpoint inhibitors. * Prior exposure to bevacizumab or other vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or VEGFR inhibitors. * Any positive test for hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus indicating acute or chronic infection, and/or detectable virus * History of severe allergy or hypersensitivity to nivolumab components
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Overall Response Rate | Throughout treatment duration or until progressive disease, unacceptable toxicity, or withdrawal of consent, up to 2 years | The overall response rate is defined as the percentage of patients with a reduction in tumor size while on treatment. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Duration of Response | Until the first date that progressive disease is objectively documented or until study completion, up to 54 months | The duration of overall response is measured from the time measurement criteria are met for CR or PR (whichever is first recorded) until the first date that recurrent or progressive disease is objectively documented (taking as reference for progressive disease the smallest measurements recorded since the treatment started). |
| Progression-Free Survival (PFS) | Until death or study completion, up to 54 months | PFS is defined as the duration of time from start of treatment to time of progression or death, whichever occurs first. Participants discontinuing study treatment will remain on study for documentation of progression and death. |
| Overall Survival (OS) | Until death or study completion, up to 54 months | OS is defined as the time from the first dose of nivolumab to death due to any cause. All other participants will be censored at the last date known to be alive. |
Countries
United States
Contacts
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORFabio Iwamoto, MD
Columbia University
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
Thirty-five patients were enrolled and 33 patients received at least one dose of nivolumab. Two patients were lost to follow up before beginning treatment. Thirty-two patients completed the full 2-year treatment and one patient discontinued after 23 months due to Grade 2 transaminitis. Thirty-three patients were included in the analysis.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Nivolumab Nivolumab 240 mg will be given every 2 weeks for 8 cycles. Beginning with Cycle 9, nivolumab 480 mg will be given every 4 weeks for a total therapy duration of 2 years, or until progressive disease, unacceptable toxicity, or withdrawal of consent. Nivolumab will be administered as a 30-minute infusion. A finite treatment duration with immune therapies in this participant population remains an area of ongoing research; therefore the treatment duration chosen was 2 years.
Nivolumab: Nivolumab (Opdivo®) is a human monoclonal antibody (HuMAb; immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)- S228P) that targets the PD-1 cluster of differentiation 279 (CD279) cell surface membrane receptor. | 35 |
| Total | 35 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Nivolumab |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 1 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 34 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 44.5 Years |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 8 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 25 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 32 Participants |
| Recurrent or progressive IDH mutant (grades 2, 3 or 4) gliomas in subjects 18 years of age or older | 35 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 35 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 11 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 24 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 25 / 33 | 7 / 13 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 29 / 33 | 13 / 13 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 9 / 33 | 4 / 13 |
Outcome results
Primary
Overall Response Rate
The overall response rate is defined as the percentage of patients with a reduction in tumor size while on treatment.
Time frame: Throughout treatment duration or until progressive disease, unacceptable toxicity, or withdrawal of consent, up to 2 years
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Nivolumab | Overall Response Rate | 9 percent |
Secondary
Duration of Response
The duration of overall response is measured from the time measurement criteria are met for CR or PR (whichever is first recorded) until the first date that recurrent or progressive disease is objectively documented (taking as reference for progressive disease the smallest measurements recorded since the treatment started).
Time frame: Until the first date that progressive disease is objectively documented or until study completion (36 months)
Secondary
Overall Survival (OS)
OS is defined as the time from the first dose of nivolumab to death due to any cause. All other participants will be censored at the last date known to be alive.
Time frame: Until death or study completion (36 months)
Secondary
Progression-Free Survival (PFS)
PFS is defined as the duration of time from start of treatment to time of progression or death, whichever occurs first. Participants discontinuing study treatment will remain on study for documentation of progression and death.
Time frame: Until death or study completion (36 months)